1. Chapter 2-Section 1 1-Dimensional Kinematics
The motion of automobiles, Hot Wheel cars, and rockets are used to illustrate the physics of position, velocity, acceleration, and kinematic graphing.

2. Kinematics
Kinematics is the science of describing the motion of objects using words, diagrams, numbers, graphs, and equations.

3. Motion Motion happens all around us.
One – dimensional motion is the simplest form of motion.
The object can only move in one dimension
forward and backward
left and right
up and down

4. Motion
Motion takes place over time and depends on a frame of reference.
Frame of Reference – a coordinate system for specifying the precise location of objects in space
The choice of a reference point is arbitrary, but once chosen, the same point must be used throughout the problem.

5. Distance and Displacement
Distance and displacement are two quantities which may seem to mean the same thing, yet they have distinctly different meanings and definitions.
Distance is a scalar quantity which refers to "how much ground an object has covered" during its motion.
Displacement is a vector quantity which refers to "how far out of place an object is"; it is the object's change in position.

6. Distance and Displacement
To test your understanding of this distinction, consider the motion depicted in the diagram below. A physics teacher walks 4 meters East, 2 meters South, 4 meters West, and finally 2 meters North.
Distance traveled = Displacement =
12 m
0 m

7. Distance and Displacement
The diagram below shows the position of a cross-country skier at various times. At each of the indicated times, the skier turns around and reverses the direction of travel. In other words, the skier moves from A to B to C to D. Use the diagram to determine the distance traveled by the skier and the resulting displacement during these three minutes.
Distance traveled = Displacement =
420 m
140 m

8. Distance = 95 yards Displacement = 55yards
Seymour Butz views football games from under the bleachers. He frequently paces back and forth to get the best view. The diagram below shows several of Seymour's positions at various times. At each marked position, Seymour makes a "U-turn" and moves in the opposite direction. In other words, Seymour moves from position A to B to C to D. What is Seymour's resulting displacement and distance of travel?
Distance = 95 yards
Displacement = 55yards

9. Displacement Δx = xf – xi Displacement = change in position
Displacement = final position – initial position

10. Speed and Velocity
Speed is a scalar quantity which refers to "how fast an object is moving.“
Velocity is a vector quantity which refers to "the rate at which an object changes its position."

11. Speeding Little Old Lady
Sorry, Ma’am, but you
were doing 45 mph in a
30 mph zone.
Okay, okay, would
you believe that I
haven’t been driving
for an hour yet?
But I haven’t
driven 45
miles yet.

12. Average Speed and Velocity
Average speed is the total distance traveled divided by the time interval
Average velocity is the total displacement traveled divided by the time interval during which the displacement occurred

13. While on vacation, Lisa Carr traveled a total distance of 440 miles
While on vacation, Lisa Carr traveled a total distance of 440 miles. Her trip took 8 hours. What was her average speed?
Ave speed = distance traveled
time of travel
Ave speed = 440 mi
8 h
Ave speed = 55 mi / h

14. Problem
A car travels from city A to city B (100km). If the first half of the distance is driven at 50 km/h and the second half is driven at 100 km/h , what is the average velocity for the trip?

15. 67 km/h A 100 km B V = 50 km/h V = 100 km/h t = d/s t = 50 km 50 km/h
t = 1 h
t = d/s
t = 50 km
100 km/h
t = 0.5 h
Ave. velocity = displacement
time
Ave velocity = 100 km
1.5 h
67 km/h

16. Velocity Constant Velocity – velocity is unchanging
Instantaneous Velocity – the velocity of an object at some instant (or specific point in its path) (slope)

17. The Meaning of Shape for a position-time Graph
Describing Motion with Position vs. Time Graphs
Homework
The Meaning of Shape for a position-time Graph

18. The specific features of the motion of objects are demonstrated by the shape and the slope of the lines on a position vs. time graph.
If the position-time data for such a car were graphed, the resulting graph would look like the graph at the right.

19. If the position-time data for such a car were graphed, the resulting graph would look like the graph at the right.

20. The position vs. time graphs for the two types of motion – constant velocity and changing velocity
Positive constant velocity
Positive changing velocity

21. The Principle of Slope for a p–t Graph
Something to remember
The slope of the line on a position-time graph reveals useful information about the velocity of the object. It's often said, "As the slope goes, so goes the velocity."

23. Let me test your understanding
Match the slope with the velocity
Positive slope
Small velocity
Constant slope
Positive velocity
Small slope
Constant velocity

24. Answers :
Positive slope
Positive velocity
Constant velocity
Constant slope
Small slope
Small velocity

25. Comparing slopes and velocity
Fast, rightward,
Constant velocity
Slow rightward,
Constant velocity

26. Fast, leftward
Constant velocity
Slow , leftward
Constant velocity

27. Leftward velocity,
Slow to fast
Leftward velocity,
Fast to slow

28. The Passing Lane

29. Constant Positive Velocity

30. Constant Negative Velocity