1. Physics and Measurement Model Theory Observation Law Empirical Law What is physics? Why do we study it?

2. Significant Digits 23.21 m 0.062 m 8200 m Scientific notation helps!!! The final result of multiplication or division can have only as many significant digits as the component factor with the least number of significant figures The final result for addition or subtraction can have no more decimal places than the term with the least number of decimal places Perimeter = 46.54 m

3. Base Units

4. Redefining the meter: In 1792 the unit of length, the meter, was defined as one-millionth the distance from the north pole to the equator. Later, the meter was defined as the distance between two finely engraved lines near the ends of a standard platinum-iridium bar, the standard meter bar. This bar is placed in the International Bureau of Weights and Measures near Paris, France. In 1960, the meter was defined to be 1 650 763.73 wavelengths of a particular orange-red light emitted by krypton-86 in a discharge tube that can be set anywhere in the world. In 1983, the meter was defined as the length of the path traveled by light in a vacuum during the time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second. The speed of light is then exactly 299 792 458 m/s.

5. Typical Lengths

6. Typical Masses What is Density?

7. Typical Times

8. Three unit systems Physical Quantity Dimensional Symbol Unit System SI MKSSI CGSUS Customary Length[L]mcmft Mass[M]kgg Time[T]sss

9. Three unit systems Physical Quantity Dimensional Symbol Unit System SI MKSSI CGSUS Customary Length[L]mcmft Mass[M]kggslug Time[T]sss

10. Unit conversion

11. Metric Prefixes

13. Dimensional (unit) Analysis If your units do not work out, your answer cannot be correct! Sometimes you can figure out the correct equation merely by making the units work!

14. Estimating Often we are looking for order of magnitude numbers. Is the number 1, 10, 100, 1000, 10000? Make assumptions. We will have some standard assumptions: –Surfaces are frictionless (at first) –Strings have no mass –Objects are all treated as if their mass is at a point in space –Pulley wheels have no mass –Forces from springs are linear with displacement

15. Example Enrico Fermi Nothing to do with Physics Shows the power of order of magnitude estimates How many piano tuners are in San Francisco? (800,000 people in San Francisco)

16. Lab Data Recording And Calculating

17. Uncertainty Precision = Repeatability Accuracy = Correctness

18. Propagating Uncertainty Addition/Subtraction: Add the uncertainty in the individual terms Multiplication/Division: –Add the fractional uncertainties of the factors –Use extreme values of factors and subtract

19. What does it mean to agree? 5.0 0.5 4.8 0.25 Measurement AMeasurement B Do Measurements A and B agree?

20. What does it mean to agree? 5.0 0.5 4.2 0.25 Measurement AMeasurement B Do Measurements A and B agree?

21. What does it mean to agree? 5.0 0.5 4.6 0.25 Measurement AMeasurement B Do Measurements A and B agree?

22. What does it mean to agree? 5.0 0.5 4.4 0.25 Measurement AMeasurement B Do Measurements A and B agree?