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8.  Burp a baby at least twice during a feeding. Depending on how much the baby is drinking, try burping at least once during a feeding and once after a feeding.  Find the most comfortable position to burp a baby. Many caregivers lay the baby across their knees. Others hold the baby across their chests with the baby/s head above their shoulders.  Pat the baby on the back to induce the burp. A gentle tap works as well as a firmer one, so be very gentle.  Protect your clothing. Put a towel or cloth under the baby/s head to catch any liquid that comes up.

10. Breastfeeding protects babies 1.Early breast milk is liquid gold – Known as liquid gold, colostrum is the thick yellow first breast milk that you make during pregnancy and just after birth. This milk is very rich in nutrients and antibodies to protect your baby. Although your baby only gets a small amount of colostrum at each feeding, it matches the amount his or her tiny stomach can hold. (Visit How to know your baby is getting enough milk to see just how small your newborn’s tummy is!) 2.Your breast milk changes as your baby grows – Colostrum changes into what is called mature milk. By the third to fifth day after birth, this mature breast milk has just the right amount of fat, sugar, water, and protein to help your baby continue to grow. It is a thinner type of milk than colostrum, but it provides all of the nutrients and antibodies your baby needs. 3.Breast milk is easier to digest – For most babies — especially premature babies — breast milk is easier to digest than formula. The proteins in formula are made from cow’s milk and it takes time for babies’ stomachs to adjust to digesting them.

11. 4.Breast milk fights disease – The cells, hormones, and antibodies in breast milk protect babies from illness. This protection is unique; formula cannot match the chemical makeup of human breast milk. In fact, among formula- fed babies, ear infections and diarrhea are more common. Formula-fed babies also have higher risks of:  Necrotizing the gastrointestinal tract in preterm infants.  Lower respiratory infections  Asthma  Obesity  Type 2 diabetes Some research shows that breastfeeding can also reduce the risk of Type 1 diabetes, childhood leukemia, and atopic dermatitis (a type of skin rash) in babies. Breastfeeding has also been shown to lower the risk of SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome).

12. Mothers benefit from breastfeeding 1.Life can be easier when you breastfeed – Breastfeeding may take a little more effort than formula feeding at first. But it can make life easier once you and your baby settle into a good routine. Plus, when you breastfeed, there are no bottles and nipples to sterilize. You do not have to buy, measure, and mix formula. And there are no bottles to warm in the middle of the night! You can satisfy your baby’s hunger right away when breastfeeding. 2.Breastfeeding can save money – Formula and feeding supplies can cost well over $1,500 each year, depending on how much your baby eats. Breastfed babies are also sick less often, which can lower health care costs. 3.Breastfeeding can feel great – Physical contact is important to newborns. It can help them feel more secure, warm, and comforted. Mothers can benefit from this closeness, as well. Breastfeeding requires a mother to take some quiet relaxed time to bond. The skin-to-skin contact can boost the mother’s oxytocin levels. Oxytocin is a hormone that helps milk flow and can calm the mother.

13. 4.Breastfeeding can be good for the mother’s health, too – Breastfeeding is linked to a lower risk of these health problems in women:  Type 2 diabetes  Breast cancer  Ovarian cancer  Postpartum depression Experts are still looking at the effects of breastfeeding on osteoporosis and weight loss after birth. Many studies have reported greater weight loss for breastfeeding mothers than for those who don’t. But more research is needed to understand if a strong link exists. 5.Mothers miss less work – Breastfeeding mothers miss fewer days from work because their infants are sick less often.

15. Get Your Supplies Together Have everything at hand, because you never want to leave your baby unattended. You'll need: a clean diaper or two, something to wipe baby with, and a flat surface. If you use cloth diapers, you'll need a clean diaper cover or waterproof pants (and pins). If your baby has diaper rash or is less than a month old, have cotton balls or squares, warm water, and a towel handy. Always Keep One Hand on Your Baby Wash your hands and place your baby on the changing table or a flat surface. Use the safety straps, or make sure to keep one hand on the baby so he doesn't roll off. Never leave your baby unattended, even for a minute. If he wiggles a lot, distract him with a mobile or a brightly colored toy. Undo the dirty diaper, hold your baby's legs with one hand and use the other hand to pull down the front of the diaper. Don't remove it just yet.

16. Wipe From Front to Back First, use the front part of the diaper to help wipe your baby -- wiping from front to back to avoid a urinary tract infection. Then use a mild wipe or wet washcloth to clean baby -- again wiping from front to back. For a newborn or baby with diaper rash, use cotton balls or squares and warm water. Pat baby's bottom dry. If you have a boy, keep a clean diaper over his penis while you're changing him so he doesn't urinate on you. Swap Dirty Diaper for Clean One Lift baby's legs and slide the dirty diaper out. Hold your baby's legs to keep him from touching the messy diaper. Slide a clean diaper underneath your baby. On a disposable diaper, the adhesive tabs go in back and should be about belly-button level. Pull the front up between baby's legs. For a boy, make sure his penis is pointing down so he doesn't pee out of the top of his diaper.

17. Use Your Fingers to Test the Fit Close the tabs on a disposable diaper or pin the corners of a cloth diaper together. Make the diaper snug, but be sure you can place two fingers between the diaper and baby's waist. With a newborn, fold the top of the diaper down so that the umbilical stump is exposed. Or use a newborn diaper with a cutout for the stump. Take Your Time & Enjoy Many moms and dads find that diaper changes are a great time to connect with their babies. After all, you're leaning over your baby, touching, and talking or cooing to him or her. Your baby is looking up at you and listening to your voice. Take some time to sing a song or play peek-a-boo. Although some diaper changes will have to be done quickly, when you have a few minutes, try to enjoy the ritual.

18. Definition: Is an automatic body response to a stimulus. At birth, the infants physical abilities are limited to reflexes.

19. The infant’s reflexes are needed for survival. This reflex causes infants to turn their heads toward anything that brushes their faces. This action helps them find a food source such as a nipple. Once an object is near an infant’s lips or cheek, a rooting response will be triggered.

20. The Moro reflex is sometimes referred to as the “startle reflex”. It occurs when a newborn is startled by a noise or sudden movement.

21. The Babinski reflex is present at birth in babies who were born at full term. To test for this reflex, stroke the sole of the foot on the outside from the heel to the toe. The toes will fan out and curl and the foot twist in. This reflex usually last for the first year after birth.

22. A stepping or walking reflex can be observed in full-term babies. When an infant is held so the feet are flat on a surface, the infant will lift one foot after another in a stepping motion. This reflex usually disappears 2-3 months.

23. Failure to thrive(FTT)”: Happens more often with infants than toddlers. Symptoms include: Lack of weight and height growth as is typical of other infants and toddlers of the same age.

24. SIDS:  Place infants on their backs for sleep  Provide a firm crib covered by a sheet, keep soft materials, such as comforters, pillows, and stuffed toys out of the crib  Make sure the sleeping area is a comfortable temp to keep infants from becoming overheated.