1. Chapter 5 Test Review Place these notes into your Geology Notebook.

2. A mineral is a naturally occurring solid with a definite composition. The nucleus of an atom does not contain electrons, but has protons and neutrons. Atoms that have gained or lost an electron are called ions. The smallest part of an element that has all the properties of that element is called an atom. Lead has an electron configuration of 2,8,18,32, 18,4. How many protons does Lead have? (82)

4. Cleavage, crystal shape, and hardness are physical characteristics determined by the arrangement of the atoms within a mineral. The mineral calcite is a combination of calcium, carbon, and oxygen. Calcite is an example of a compound. Most minerals as well as most substances, are compounds. A covalent bond is a chemical bond formed when atoms share electrons.

5. Covalent Bonds

7. Potassium has an atomic number of 19 and a mass number of 39. How many neutrons does the most common isotope of potassium have? (20) An example of a native mineral is copper. Diamond and graphite are different structural forms of carbon. Gold is an element because it cannot be broken into simpler substances.

8. Magma is melted rock that is still underground. Lava is melted rock exposed to the air. This is the melted rock that flows from a volcanic source. As magma cools, its atoms, molecules, and ions tend to move around each other in different ways, but remain close. Many different minerals can form from one magma mass.

10. Metals form positive ions because they easily lose electrons. The descriptions conchoidal, splintery, and irregular refer to types of fracture. Silicates always contain oxygen. Gold and diamond are not generally classified as rock-forming minerals because neither is common.

11. Which type of test is best used to distinguish a nonmetallic mineral from a metallic mineral? Fracture Acid test Specific density Streak because nonmetallic minerals typically streak colorless or white and metallic minerals typically streak a dark, characteristic color.

12. Graph the following information. Atomic Number Atomic Mass Hydrogen11 Helium24 Lithium37 Beryllium49 Boron511 Carbon612 Nitrogen714 Oxygen816 Fluorine919 Neon1020

13. List the three main kinds of chemical bonds. How are these types of bonds similar and how are they different? Similarities: Metallic, Ionic, and Covalent bonds. – The way they use electron interactions to bind atoms together in compounds. Differences: The electrons act differently for each type of bond: In covalent bonds, electrons are shared by atoms. In Ionic bonds, electrons are gained by one atom and lost by the other. In metallic bonds, electrons move around the nuclei in a cloud.

14. Many minerals have commercial uses. Name two minerals, the mineral group in which they belong, and their uses. Quartz, a silicate, is used in heat lamps, prisms, glass, and paints. Mica, a silicate, is used in electronic insulators, roofing material, and plastics. Magnetite, an oxide, is used in making magnets.