1. Chapter Ninth Edition America: Past and Present America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Toward An Urban Society, 1877–1900 19

2. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Lure of the City City becomes a symbol of the new America between 1870–1900 – causes big changes along with industrialization Explosive urban growth –Sources included immigration, movement from countryside –Six cities over 500,000 by 1900

3. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Skyscrapers and Suburbs Steel and glass permit construction of skyscrapers Streetcars allow growth of suburbs Streetcar cities allow more fragmented and stratified city –Middle-class residential rings surrounding business and working-class core

4. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Tenements and the Problems of Overcrowding Tenements house working class and are overcrowded How the Other Way Lives – Jacob Riis Tenement problems: –Overcrowding – Inadequate sanitation – Poor ventilation – Polluted water

5. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Tenements and the Problems of Overcrowding Urban problems: – Poor public health – home care was common treatment for illness – Juvenile crime

6. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Strangers in a New Land Most immigrants young unskilled males and settled along Eastern coast Most immigrants moved for economic reasons and often knew someone in the United States By 1900, most urban dwellers foreign-born or children of immigrants – e.g., by 1890, 80% of New York residents were foreign- born

7. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Strangers in a New Land 1880s: Eastern, southern Europeans called “new immigrants”prompt resurgent nativism (Italy, Greece, Austria- Hungary,Poland, Turkey, Russia) Nativist organizations try to limit immigration e.g., demand literacy test for “new immigrants” Society worried that new immigrants could not assimilate

8. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Immigration to the United States, 1870–1900

9. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Immigrants and the City: Families and Ethnic Identity Immigrants marry within own ethnic groups More children born to immigrants than to native-born Americans Immigrant associations : – Preserve old country language and customs – Aid the process of adjustment

10. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Immigrants and the City: Families and Ethnic Identity Immigrants establish religious, educational institutions, media which preserve cultural traditions Immigrants cling to customs of native countries

11. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The House That Tweed Built Cities have urban party machines headed by “bosses” – Some bosses notoriously corrupt, most famous political machine was Tammany Hall headed up by William Tweed (Boss Tweed) of New York City – Most trade services for votes – Little regard for political rules – Urban “bosses” – consequence of urban growth

12. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The House That Tweed Built Why bosses stayed in power: –Good organizational skill –Helped immigrants Most bosses improve conditions in cities while helping themselves

13. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Social and Cultural Change 1877–1900 End of Reconstruction marks shift of attention to new concerns Population growth –1877: 47 million –1900: 76 million –1900: population more diverse Urbanization, industrialization changing all aspects of American life

14. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Urban and Rural Population, 1870–1900 (in millions)

15. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Changes in Family Life Urbanization, industrialization alter family Poor medical care, usually home care – many medical developments but not in area of tuberculosis, typhoid and diphtheria Suburban commute takes fathers from middle- class homes Domesticity encouraged, women house-bound White middle-class birth rates decline

16. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Educating the Masses Trend is toward universal education: By 1900, 31 states and territories had compulsory education laws Purpose of public education was to train people for life and work in industrial society Education stressed discipline and routine

17. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Educating the Masses Teaching unimaginative, learning passive, Webster’s Spellers and McGuffey’s Readers – stress discipline and routine Segregation, poverty compound problems of Southern education 1896: Plessy v. Ferguson allows “separate but equal” schools (dual schools in south) Few southern states had compulsory school attendance laws – north did

18. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Higher Education Colleges and universities flourish Colleges stress the practical application of education Greater emphasis on professions, research More women achieve college education

19. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Higher Education: African Americans African Americans face different views toward progress Booker T. Washington believed that self- help was best plan for African Americans –Concentrate on practical education – he started Tuskegee Institute in Alabama W.E.B. DuBois: Demanded equality and believed education was the key to success

20. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Stirrings of Reform Reformers begin to seek changes in U.S. living, working conditions Social Darwinists see attempts at social reform as useless and harmful Apply laws of nature to society Some see as way to keep government from interfering with industry

21. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Progress and Poverty Henry George: The rich getting richer, the poor get poorer Wide gulf between rich and poor George’s solution: Tax unearned income on land, source of most wealth Single tax clubs sprang up

22. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands New Currents in Social Thought Liberal Protestants preach “Social Gospel” – Purpose: Reform industrial society – Means: Introduce Christian standards into economic sphere – Church must participate in society – Religion must address both spiritual and social concerns

23. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Settlement Houses Famous Settlement House – 1889: Jane Addams’ Hull House, Chicago – Establish programs to help immigrants – Practical education and medical help for poor – Main problem, too many immigrants and could not meet needs

24. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands A Crisis in Social Welfare Depression of 1893 reveals insufficiency of private charity New professionalism in social work New efforts to understand poverty’s sources Increasing calls for government intervention Social tensions engender sense of crisis

25. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Pluralistic Society Immigration and urban growth reshaped American politics and culture By 1920, most Americans lived in cities Most reformers turned to state and federal government to help social ills

26. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Pluralistic Society Society experienced a crisis between 1870 and 1900 Reformers turned to state and federal government for remedies to social ills