1. Practical General Biology
The Stem , The Root and The Leaf
2012_2013

2. The Stem Function of Stem :
Stems support photosynthetic leaves and reproductive structures, thus increasing photosynthetic and reproductive efficiency.
Stems supply water and minerals to shoots .

3. The Dicotolydonous Stem (Dicot stem)
Component of dicot stem :
Epidermis, ground tissue (paranchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchuma, cortex, pith), vascular tissue (xylem, phloem ).
Protoxylem vessels : are the smallest vessels, their typical location is towards the pith.
Metaxylem vessels: are the larger vessels, their typical location is towards the cortex.
Fascicular cambium : is the area between the primary xylem and phloem .
Organization of bundle .

4. The Dicotolydonous Stem (Dicot stem)

7. The Monocot Stem Component of monocot stem :
Epidermis, ground tissue (paranchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchuma), vascular tissue (xylem, phloem ).
Random arrangement of the vascular bundles, and its surrounding by sclerenchyma .
Not have secondary growth.
Xylem the same of V.
No have cortex and pith .
No have cambium layer .

8. The Monocot Stem

12. The Root

13. The Monocot Root
A count of metaxylem if this above 8 it’s monocot root .
The roots of monocots are organized into a cortex, with primary xylem and primary phloem in central pith .
Not have secondary growth, because absent of cambium .
The area of pith are largest, and the phloem is combination with protoxylem .
Thicker from one side and have Casparian .

16. The Dicot Root Number of vascular bundle from 4 to 5 only .
Have secondary growth and cambium it’s present .
Not have pith .
Phloem arrangement with xylem arm to formation vascular bundle .
Thicker form all side .
Have passage cell .

22. The Leaf

23. The Monocot Leaf The vascular bundle it’s spread in the leaf .
Not differentiation of Mesophyll .
Distribution of Stomata it’s equal in the upper and lower of leaf .
Vascular bundles are enclosed by scalarenchyma .
Stomata are damples shape .
Have buliform cells .
Xylem are V shape .
venation in the leaf blade : Parallel venation .

28. The Dicot Leaf Stomata are distribution in lower more than in upper.
Stomata are kidney shape .
Have not buliform cell in upper epidermis .
Mesophyll is homogenus and are distinguished between Palisade and Spongy paranchyma.
Vascular bundles are large and central and phloem is toward the lower epidermis .

29. The collenchyma present in upper and lower .
Waxy layer in upper epidermis are thicker .
Waxy layer in lower epidermis are thinner, because have stomata .
Have not scolarenchyma .
Venation in the leaf blade : Network venation .

35. Good Luck