1. IIGO IndIGO IndIGO Indian Initiative in Gravitational-wave Observations Application for GWIC Membership Bala Iyer Raman Research Institute, Bangalore Chair, IndIGO Consortium Council GWIC Meeting, Cardiff, 10 July 2011

2. GW Research in India (Pre IndIGO:1990 -2009) Regular International Collaboration with GW groups in Australia, France, Germany, UK, Japan since 1990 September 1990: Interferometric Gravity wave Detector: Phase I: Developmental work and Experiments, A proposal by IUCAA, Pune [S.V. Dhurandhar, N.K. Dadhich, J.V. Narlikar, S.N. Tandon] and CAT, Indore [P.K. Gupta, A.S. Raja Rao, D.D. Bhawalkar] 1.25 cr, Staffing 21 Phase II: 100 m Detector : 13 crores, Staffing 51 December 1995: Design of the Vacuum system for AIGO 500 ( CAT/95-16, Indore) [A.S. Raja Rao] International GW Collaborative Projects 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995 IUCAA- UWA Informal Collaboration [Sanjeev Dhurandhar (IUCAA) and David Blair (UWA) and David McClelland (ANU)] 1995 -1998 Indo-French Project: 1010-1 Modelling of non-linear effects in high power optical cavities of laser interferometric gravitational wave detectors [S.V. Dhurandhar (IUCAA) and Jean-Yves Vinet (Laboratoire de l'Accelerateur, Orsay] 2000 – 2004 Indo-French Project: 2204-1 Gravitational wave data analysis for laser interferometer space antenna [ S.V. Dhurandhar (IUCAA) and Jean-Yves Vinet (Observatoire de la Cote d'Azur, Nice)] 2003 – 2007 Indo-French Project: 2904-1 Gravitational Waves from Neutron Star Binaries, [Bala Iyer (RRI) and Luc Blanchet (IAP) ] 2006 - 2009 Indo-French Project: 3504-1 - Physical and mathematical modeling of LISA mission [S.V. Dhurandhar (IUCAA) and Bertrand Chauvineau (Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, Nice)] 2006 - 2009 Indo-French Project: 3504-3 - Systematic effects in CMB of ESA’s Satellite “PLANCK” [Tarun Souradeep (IUCAA) and François R. Bouchet (Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris)] 2010 - 2013 Indo-French Project: 4204-2 High accuracy gravitational waves from black hole binaries [Bala Iyer (RRI) with Luc Blanchet (IAP), Guillaume Faye (IAP) ] 2006 - 2011 DST-JSPS Indo-Japanese Collaboration Coincident vs Coherent multi-detector strategies for inspiralling binaries [ Sanjeev Dhurandhar (IUCAA), Nobuyuki Kanda (Osaka University) and Hideyuki Tagoshi, (Osaka University)]

3. Gravitational wave legacy in India Indian contribution over two decades to the global effort for detecting GW internationally recognized on two significant fronts Seminal contributions to source modeling at RRI [Bala Iyer] and to GW data analysis at IUCAA [Sanjeev Dhurandhar] RRI: Indo-French collaboration for two decades to compute high accuracy waveforms for in-spiraling compact binaries from which the GW templates used in LIGO and Virgo are constructed. Cardiff collaboration on improved detection templates, parameter estimation, implications for Astrophyscs and cosmology IUCAA: Designing efficient data analysis algorithms involving advanced mathematical concepts.. Notable contributions include the search for binary in- spirals, hierarchical methods, coherent search with a network of detectors and the radiometric search for stochastic gravitational waves. IUCAA: Tarun Souradeep with expertise in CMB data & Planck creates bridge between CMB and GW data analysis challenges : stochastic GW background maps IUCAA has collaborated with most international GW detector groups and has been a member of the LIGO Scientific Collaboration (LSC) for a decade.

4. LSC Collaboration from India Aug 2000 - 2010 MOU between IUCAA (Sanjeev Dhurandhar) and LIGO (LSC) Projects carried out under LIGO Scientific Collaboration (LSC) - Hierarchical GW Search for inspiralling compact binaries as part of inspiral group of LSC with Anand Sengupta and the inspiral group -Radiometric search for GW stochastic background as part of stochastic group of LSC with Sanjit Mitra, Tarun Souradeep, IUCAA - Radiometric search for Pulsars as part of continuous wave group of LSC with Himan Mukhopadhyay, Badri Krishnan, AEI and John Whelan, AEI -All sky and all frequency search with Badri Krishnan, AEI The most recent work in progress is on the fast transform for continuous sources which is based on group theoretic methods.

5. High precision experimental expertise in India TIFR [C.S. Unnikrishnan] : High precision experiments and tests of weak forces – Test gravitation using most sensitive torsional balances and optical sensors. – Techniques related to precision laser spectroscopy, electronic locking, stabilization. – G.Rajalakshmi (IIA  TIFR, 3m prototype); – Suresh Doravari (IIA  LIGO, Caltech expt./AdvLIGO) IITM [Anil Prabhakar] and IITK [Pradeep Kumar] (EE depts) – Photonics, Fiber optics and communications – Characterization and testing of optical components and instruments for use in India.. RRCAT – [S.K. Shukla on INDUS, A.S. Raja Rao (exRRCAT)] --UHV – [Sendhil Raja, P.K. Gupta] - Optical system design, laser based instrumentation, optical metrology, Large aperture optics, diffractive optics, micro-optic system design. – [Rijuparna Chakraborty, France  LIGO/EGO pdf?] Adaptive Optics….

6. Large experiment expertise in India RRCAT…. IPR [S.B. Bhatt on Aditya and Ajai Kumar] - UHV experience, Lasers… Support role in large volume UHV system, Control systems,…. Groups at BARC and RRCAT : involved in LHC – providing a variety of components and subsystems like precision magnet positioning stand jacks, superconducting correcting magnets, quench heater protection supplies and skilled manpower support for magnetic tests and measurement and help in commissioning LHC subsystems. Teams at Electronics & Instrumentation Groups at BARC (may be interested in large instrumentation projects in XII plan) Groups at ISRO,…….

7. IndIGO Consortium – Milestones Late 2007 : ICGC2007 @IUCAA: Rana Adhikari’s visit & discussions 2009: – Australia-India S&T collaboration Establishing Australia-India collaboration in GW Astronomy Establishing Australia-India collaboration in GW Astronomy – IndIGO Consortium: Reunion meeting IUCAA – GW Astronomy Roadmap for India; 2009-2011: – Meetings at Kochi, Pune, Shanghai, Perth, Delhi to Define, Reorient and Respond to the Global (GWIC) strategies for setting up the International GW Network. – Bring together scattered Indian Experimental Expertise; Individuals & Institutions March 2011: IndIGO-I Proposal: Participation in LIGO-Australia May 2011+: LIGO-India..

8. Multi-Institutional, Multi-disciplinary Consortium (2009) 1.CMI, Chennai 2.Delhi University 3.IISER Kolkata 4.IISER Trivandrum 5.IIT Madras (EE) 6.IIT Kanpur (EE) 7.IUCAA, Pune 8.RRCAT, Indore 9.TIFR, Mumbai 10.IPR, Bhatt Others RRI Jamia Milia Islamia Tezpur Univ Nodal Institutions

9. The IndIGO Consortium Data Analysis & Theory 1.Sanjeev Dhurandhar IUCAA 2.Bala Iyer RRI 3.Tarun Souradeep IUCAA 4.Anand Sengupta Delhi University 5.Archana Pai IISER, Thiruvananthapuram 6.Sanjit Mitra JPL, IUCAA 7.K G Arun Chennai Math. Inst., Chennai 8.Rajesh Nayak IISER, Kolkata 9.A. Gopakumar TIFR, Mumbai 10.T R Seshadri Delhi University 11.Patrick Dasgupta Delhi University 12.Sanjay Jhingan Jamila Milia Islamia, Delhi 13.L. Sriramkumar, Phys., IIT M 14.Bhim P. Sarma Tezpur Univ. 15.Sanjay Sahay BITS, Goa 16.P Ajith Caltech, USA 17.Sukanta Bose, Wash. U., USA 18.B. S. Sathyaprakash Cardiff University, UK 19. Soumya Mohanty UTB, Brownsville, USA 20.Badri Krishnan Max Planck AEI, Germany Instrumentation & Experiment 1.C. S. Unnikrishnan TIFR, Mumbai 2.G Rajalakshmi TIFR, Mumbai 3.P.K. GuptaRRCAT, Indore 4.Sendhil RajaRRCAT, Indore 5.S.K. Shukla RRCAT, Indore 6.Raja Rao ex RRCAT, Consultant 7.Anil Prabhakar, EE, IIT M 8.Pradeep Kumar, EE, IIT K 9.Ajai Kumar IPR, Bhatt 10.S.K. Bhatt IPR, Bhatt 11.Ranjan Gupta IUCAA, Pune 12.Bhal Chandra Joshi NCRA, Pune 13.Rijuparna Chakraborty, Cote d’Azur, Grasse 14.Rana Adhikari Caltech, USA 15.Suresh Doravari Caltech, USA 16.Biplab Bhawal (ex LIGO) IndIGO Council 1.Bala Iyer ( Chair) RRI, Bangalore 2.Sanjeev Dhurandhar (Science) IUCAA, Pune 3.C. S. Unnikrishnan (Experiment) TIFR, Mumbai 4.Tarun Souradeep (Spokesperson) IUCAA, Pune

10. Committees: National Steering Committee: Kailash Rustagi (IIT, Mumbai) [Chair] Bala Iyer (RRI) [Coordinator] Sanjeev Dhurandhar (IUCAA) [Co-Coordinator] D.D. Bhawalkar (Quantalase, Indore)[Advisor] P.K. Kaw (IPR) Ajit Kembhavi (IUCAA) P.D. Gupta (RRCAT) J.V. Narlikar (IUCAA) G. Srinivasan International Advisory Committee Abhay Ashtekar (Penn SU)[ Chair] Rana Adhikari (LIGO, Caltech, USA) David Blair (AIGO, UWA, Australia) Adalberto Giazotto (Virgo, Italy) P.D. Gupta (Director, RRCAT, India) James Hough (GEO ; Glasgow, UK)[GWIC Chair] Kazuaki Kuroda (LCGT, Japan) Harald Lueck (GEO, Germany) Nary Man (Virgo, France) Jay Marx (LIGO, Director, USA) David McClelland (AIGO, ANU, Australia) Jesper Munch (Chair, ACIGA, Australia) B.S. Sathyaprakash (GEO, Cardiff Univ, UK) Bernard F. Schutz (GEO, Director AEI, Germany) Jean-Yves Vinet (Virgo, France) Stan Whitcomb (LIGO, Caltech, USA) IndIGO Advisory Structure Program Management Committee: C S Unnikrishnan (TIFR, Mumbai), [Chair] Bala R Iyer (RRI, Bangalore), [Coordinator] Sanjeev Dhurandhar (IUCAA, Pune) [Co-cordinator] Tarun Souradeep (IUCAA, Pune) Bhal Chandra Joshi (NCRA, Pune) P Sreekumar (ISAC, Bangalore) P K Gupta (RRCAT, Indore) S K Shukla (RRCAT, Indore) Sendhil Raja (RRCAT, Indore)]

11. IndIGO: The goals Provide a common umbrella to initiate and expand GW related experimental activity and train new technically skilled manpower Seek pan-Indian consolidated IndIGO membership in LIGO Scientific Collaboration (LSC) for participation in Advanced LIGO. Create a Tier-2 data centre in IUCAA for LIGO Scientific Collaboration Deliverables and as a LSC Resource Start collaborative work on joint projects under the IUSSTF Indo-US IUCAA-Caltech joint Centre at IUCAA Explore the Roadmap for EGO-IndIGO collaboration on GW and a possible MOU (Meeting on Nov 1-2,2011 at IUCAA) Explore Indian participation in LISA and space based GW detectors in the future ( ASTROD 5 meeting on July 14 – 16, 2012 at RRI)

12. IndIGO: The Aspirations Set up a major experimental initiative in GW astronomy  MOU with ACIGA to collaborate on GW Astronomy  Plan A: Partner in LIGO-Australia – Advanced LIGO hardware for 1 detector to be shipped to Australia at the Gingin site, near Perth. NSF approval – Australia and International partners find funds (equiv to half the detector cost ~$140M and 10 year running cost ~$60M) within a year. – Indian partnership at 15% of Australian cost with full data rights.  Plan B: LIGO-India – Letter from LIGO Labs with offer of LIGO-India and Requirement Document – Advanced LIGO hardware for 1 detector to be shipped to India. – Detector: Two 4km arm length ultra high vacuum tubes in L configuration – India provides suitable site and infrastructure to house the GW observatory, Staffing for installing, commissioning and operation and 10 year Running costs – Indian cost (equiv to half the detector cost ~$140M and 10 year running cost ~$60M) within a year.

13. LIGO-India: Why is it a good idea? Geographical relocation Strategic for GW astronomy – Increased event rates (x4) by coherent analysis – Improved duty cycle – Improved Detection confidence – Improved Sky Coverage – Improved Source Location required for multi-messenger astronomy – Improved Determination of the two GW polarizations Potentially large Indian science user community in the future – Indian demographics: youth dominated – need challenges – Improved UG education system will produce a larger number of students with aspirations looking for frontline research opportunity at home. Substantial data analysis trained faculty exists in India and Large Data Analysis Center Facilities are being planned

14. LIGO-India: Indian Requirements & Status Indian contribution in infrastructure :  Site  Vacuum system  Related Controls  Data centre  Trained manpower for installation and commissioning  Trained manpower for LIGO-India operations for 10 years IndIGO Consortium working towards getting LIGO-India identified as a National Flagship Mega Project in the coming Five year plan in India and ensuring requirements from the LIGO-Lab are met in time to seek the required NSF and US govt approvals.

15. Indian Gravitational wave community strengths Very good students and post-docs produced who have become.. * Leaders in GW research abroad [Sathyaprakash, Bose, Mohanty] (3) *New faculty at premier institutions in India (6) [Gopakumar, Archana Pai, Rajesh Nayak, Anand Sengupta, K.G. Arun, Sanjit Mitra, P. Ajith?] Strong Indian presence in GW Astronomy in the Global detector network where broad international collaboration is the norm Strong Indian presence in GW Astronomy in the Global detector network where broad international collaboration is the norm  relatively easy to get well trained researchers back  relatively easy to get well trained researchers back Close interactions with the very supportive International community as reflected in the International Advisory committee of IndIGO – Chair: Abhay Ashtekar LIGO-Lab participation in IndIGO schools, commitment to training and assisting in high end technology tasks related to GW experiments should LIGO-India come about.

16. Manpower generation for sustenance of LIGO-India : Preliminary Plans & exploration Since Advanced LIGO will have a lead time, participants will be identified who will be deputed to take part in the commissioning of Advanced LIGO and later bring in the experience to LIGO-India. They will start building groups with associated training program. Successful IndIGO Summer internships in International labs underway o High UG applications 30/40 each year from IIT, IISER, NISERS,.. o 2 summers, 10 students, 1 starting PhD at LIGO-MIT o Plan to extend to participating National labs to generate more experimenters IndIGO schools are planned annually to expose students to emerging opportunity in GW science o 1 st IndIGO school in Dec 2010 in Delhi Univ. (thru IUCAA) Post graduate school specialization courses, or more Jayant Narlikar: “Since sophisticated technology is involved IndIGO should like ISRO or BARC training school set up a program where after successful completion of the training, jobs are assured.”

17. IndIGO 3m Prototype Detector Funded by TIFR Mumbai on campus (2010)PI: C. S.Unnikrishnan (Cost ~ INR 2.5cr) Goals of the TIFR 3-m prototype interferometer (to be operational in 2014): 1)Research and Training platform 1)Research and Training platform with all the features of the advanced LIGO-like detectors, scaled down to displacement sensitivity around 10 -18 m, above 200 Hz. 2)The Indian research platform for features like signal recycling, DC read-out, and most importantly the use of squeezed light and noise reduction (last phase). 3)Instrument for studies on short range gravity and QED force, especially a measurement of the Casimir force in the range 10 -100 microns where no previous measurements exist (Rajalakshmi and Unnikrishnan, Class, Quant. Grav. 27, 215007 (2010).

18. 6 m The TIFR 3-m prototype detector 15 cm dia. mirrors (3 kg), 1 W NPRO laser, 2 stage passive pre-isolation, 10 -9 mbar UHV

19. Frequency (Hz) 1 10 1001000 10 -20 10 -19 10 -18 10 -17 10 -16 10 -15 10 -14 Shot noise Seismic (best and worst case, dashed) 10000 Signal recycling + Squeezing SQL Sketch of expected sensitivity for 3-m prototype Best case total suspension noise Old LIGO

20. Recent and Ongoing IndIGO Projects, Plans.. 2009 – 2011: Indo-Australian project: DST/INT/AUS/P-26/08 Establishing Australian-Indian collaboration on gravitational wave astronomy, [ Bala Iyer (RRI), Sanjeev Dhurandhar (IUCAA), C.S. Unnikrishnan (TIFR), David Blair (UWA), Ju Li (UWA), Chunnong Zhao (UWA)] 2011 - DST-JSPS S&T scheme approved Coherent multi-detector gravitational wave search using LCGT and advanced interferometers [Archana Pai (IISER-TVM, PI ), Co-PI: Anand S. Sengupta (Delhi University), K. G. Arun (CMI), M.K. Haris (IISER,-TVM), Sanjeev Dhurandhar (IUCAA). Hideyuki Tagoshi (Osaka University, PI), N. Kanda (Osaka City University), H. Takanishi (Yamanashi Eiwa College), M. K. Fujimoto (National Astronomical Observatory of Japan)]. 2011 - IUSSTF Proposal approved Indo-US Center for GW Physics and Astronomy [Nodal Center: IUCAA India: Tarun Souradeep (IUCAA), K.G. Arun (CMI), Sanjeev Dhurandhar (IUCAA), A. Gopakumar (TIFR), Archana Pai (IISER-TVM), Anand Sengupta (Delhi Univ), C.S. Unnikrishnan (TIFR) USA: Rana Adhikari (Caltech), P. Ajith (Caltech), Sukanta Bose (Washington Univ), Yanbei Chen (Caltech), Sanjit Mitra (JPL), Stanley Whitcomb (Caltech)] Meeting on Nov 1-2,2011 at IUCAA to explore the Roadmap for EGO-IndIGO collaboration on GW and a possible MOU

21. Indo-US centre for Gravitational Physics and Astronomy @ IUCAA Centre of Indo-US Science and Technology Forum (IUSSTF) Exchange program to fund mutual visits and facilitate interaction. Nodal centres: IUCAA, India & Caltech, US. Institutions: Indian: IUCAA, TIFR, IISER, DU, CMI - PI: Tarun Souradeep US: Caltech, WSU - PI: Rana Adhikari APPROVED for funding (Dec 2010)

22. Participation in LSC during Advanced LIGO Proposed Data Analysis activities of the IndIGO Consortium Principal Leads: K.G. Arun, R.Nayak, A. Pai, A. Sengupta, S. Mitra Participants: S. Dhurandhar, T.Souradeep, B. R. Iyer, C.K. Mishra, M.K. Harris,…. Institutions: CMI, IUCAA, IISER (Kolkata), IISER (Tvm), Univ of Delhi Projects Multi-detector Coherent veto Tests of GR and alternative theories of gravity Stochastic Gravitational wave background analysis IndIGO Data Center

23.  Primary Science: Online Coherent search for GW signal from binary mergers using data from global detector network Coherent  4 x event rate (40  160 /yr for NS-NS)  Role of IndIGO data centre  Large Tier-2 data/compute centre for archival of GWdata and analysis  Bring together data-analysts within the Indian gravity wave community.  Puts IndIGO on the global map for international collaboration with LIGO Science Collab. wide facility. Part of LSC participation from IndIGO  Large University sector participation via IUCAA 200 Tflops peak capability (by 2014) Storage: 4x100TB per year per interferometer. Network: gigabit+ backbone, National Knowledge Network Gigabit dedicatedlink to LIGO lab Caltech 20 Tf 200 Tb funded IUCAA : ready Mid 2012 IndIGO Data Centre @ IUCAA Anand Sengupta, DU, IndIGO

24. RRCAT (Next Plan period): Advanced Interferometry (Narrow line width Frequency Stabilised laser development) The laser will be an injection seeded Nd;YAG or Yb:Silica fiber laser locked to a stabilized reference cavity. The target would be to demonstrate a laser with 1W output and sub-kHz line width and few Hz stability. Scaling up of the power to 10W will be done as the next step.

25. RRCAT: Advanced Interferometry (Ultraflat Components development) Development of Ultraflat Optical components such as mirrors for GWD will require augmenting the existing facility with an ion beam figuring system for final correction of the polished optics to /500 or better.

26. Photonics @ IIT-Madras 11 faculty members (8 in EE, 3 in Physics) 10 M. Tech scholars in EE (Photonics) 20+ research scholars (M.S. and Ph.D.) Research specializations ➲ Optical communications ➲ Fiber lasers ➲ Diffractive optical elements ➲ Silicon photonics, plasmonics ➲ Nonlinear and quantum optics ➲ Metrology and instrumentation Strong industry partnerships

27. Possible IndIGO Contributions to 3G Detectors (ET) Development of the lasers systems, investigate emerging laser technologies such as fiber lasers for developing a suitable laser for 3 rd generation detector. Develop squeezed light sources suitable for use in GWD. Design and development of diffractive optical components for generating higher order Laguerre-Gauss mode laser beams. Investigate instabilities due to quantum back action on cavity mirrors. Development of high flatness fused silica/silicon optics and develop fabrication and metrology techniques.

28. Possible IndIGO Contributions to 3G Detectors (ET) Design and development of high power optical coating for the detector optics. Develop techniques for absorption measurement of high purity Si as a possible optical substrate at 1.5 micron laser wavelength. Develop high accuracy wavefront sensing and laser scanning based thermal compensation of cavity mirrors. Investigate possible techniques to cool the detector mirrors in a non contact way (laser cooling of Yb doped glasses have been demonstrated)

29. Summary Over two decades India has been involved in quality GW research and been a part of the International GW community Since 2009 Indian aspirations involve participation in a major GW experiment eventually leading to a GW detector in India The Indian Aspirations in GW research are represented by the IndIGO Consortium With help from the International GW community IndIGO has made significant progress to integrate to the GWIC plans towards the setting up of a GW detector network IndIGO has concrete plans as outlined in the presentation to increase participation in GW research in the coming years. By becoming a member of GWIC, IndIGO can contribute more effectively in the future towards the GWIC agenda to detect GW leading on to Gravitational wave Astronomy..

30. THANK YOU

31. Requirements: Low seismicity Low human generated noise Air connectivity Proximity to Academic institutions, labs, industry preferred, … LIGO-India: … the challenges Indian Site Preliminary exploration: IISc new campus & adjoining campuses near Chitra Durga low seismicity Solid rock base 1hr from International airport Bangalore: science & tech hub National science facilities complex plans  power and other infrastructure availability, ….

32. Courtesy: Steven Fairhurst

33. LIGO-India: … the opportunity Strategic Geographical relocation Polarization info Uniformity of Sky coverage Courtesy: S. Klimenko and G. Vedovato

34. LIGO-India: … the opportunity Strategic Geographical relocation Source localization error 5-15 degrees to ~degree !!! Courtesy: S. Klimenko and G. Vedovato

35. LIGO-India: … the opportunity Strategic Geographical relocation - the science gain Sky coverage : Synthesized Network beam (antenna power) Courtesy: Bernard Schutz

36. LIGO-India: … the opportunity Strategic Geographical relocation - the science gain Sky coverage: ‘reach’ /sensitivity in different directions Courtesy: Bernard Schutz

37. NetworkHHLVHILVAHLV Mean horizon distance 1.741.571.69 Detection Volume 8.988.778.93 Volume Filling factor 41.00%54.00%44.00% Triple Detection Rate(80%) 4.865.956.06 Triple Detection Rate(95%) 7.818.138.28 Sky Coverage: 81% 47.30%79.00%53.50% Directional Precision 0.662.023.01 Strategic geographical relocation comparison Courtesy Bernard Schutz

38. IndIGO: Activity details December 2007: ICGC, IUCAA, IndIGO coined by Anand Sengupta; HF Indian detector using Initial LIGO hardware (Rana Adhikari) January 2009: Kochi meeting; Avenues for possible Indo-Australian collaboration were discussed with David Blair Jan – June 2009 : Contacting first possible experimenters for the project June 2009: Sanction of DST Project DST/INT/AUS/P-26/2009 on Establishing Australian -Indian collaboration in Gravitational wave Astronomy August 2009: Indian experimental gravitational wave effort: Scope and Feasibility, IUCAA, Pune. Panel Discussion at IUCAA Reunion.. Need of setting up a body to steer activities the complex and manifold activities linked to GW astronomy was realized and the IndIGO Consortium was set up with Sanjeev Dhurandhar as Spokesperson. Visits to ISRO facilities at LEOS and SAC to learn of available facilities & expertise October 2009: First Galileo-Xu Guangqi Meeting, Shanghai, China Contact with senior members of LIGO, Virgo, GEO, LCGT and ACIGA for detailed discussions and a critical review of the possible road-map for a realistic Indian Initiative in GW Astronomy. IndIGO International Advisory Committee set up IndIGO Council was set up

39. IndIGO: Activity details December 2009: Document IndIGO: An Indian Initiative in Gravitational Wave Astronomy prepared and mailed to Directors of Institutions with possible interest in GW Astronomy & leaders of the Indian Science community. February 2010: - Visit to Hind High Vacuum to discuss possibility to take up ultra-high vacuum responsibility in AIGO - 3 day Conference on Australian International Gravitational Observatory: Project Plan and benefits, and 3 day Workshop at Perth, Australia on Experimental General Relativity and Visit to Gingin prototype, Australia. Many meetings with colleagues in ACIGA (Robyn Owens, David Blair, Jesper Munch, David McClelland, Jackie Davidson) and LIGO ( Jay Marx, Stan Whitcomb) to discuss the strategy of collaboration and the timescales involved due to the possibility of LIGO-Australia. Nine Institutions in India have currently agreed to sign an MOU with ACIGA and be part of a proposal to seek funding to participate in LIGO-Australia. June 2010: Gravitational Wave International Committee (GWIC) Letter of Support for IndIGO July 2010: IndIGO document sent to Dr. R. Chidambaram, Principal Science Advisor, Govt of India. PSA sent to honorary consultant Dr. D.D. Bhawalkar.

40. IndIGO: Activity details Summer 2010: 2 UG students (Nancy Agarwal [IIT - Mumbai] and Sharmila Devi [NISER]) selected as Visiting students at Caltech and 4 UG students (Sibasish Banerjee [IISER Kolkata], Dibya Chakraborti [IISER Kolkata], Avaneet Antal [ IIT Guwahati] Amit Nag [IISER Kolkata]) at Univ Texas, Brownesville. Parampreet Walia, Pushkar Kopparla, Abhishek Sharan, Jaspreet Sandhu from IIT Delhi interned at University of Western Australia and Gingin. August 2010: IndIGO homepage set up http://gw-indigo.org/http://gw-indigo.org/ September 2010: - A 3 metre advanced prototype GW detector funded at TIFR under C.S. Unnikrishnan. - MOU signed with ACIGA on behalf of the Directors of seven Nodal Indian Institutions. -Positive feedback and suggestions obtained from Office of Principal Science Advisor based on Dr Bhawalkar’s report encouraging to seek funding of the order of 20M $. October 2010: Suresh Doravari joined LIGO Caltech as Post-doc fellow on the 40m December 2010: First IndIGO School on Gravitational Wave Astronomy 2010 (ISGWA-2010) organized by IUCAA Resource Center, University of Delhi, for UG and graduate students. -Approval of Indo-US (IUSSTF) proposal for joint Indo-US Center for GW Physics and Astronomy January-February 2011 : Setting up of IndIGO National Steering Commitee and IndIGO Program Management Committee.

41. IndIGO: Activity details February 2011: The Indian Road-Map for Gravitational Wave Astronom: IndIGO - ACIGA meeting on LIGO-Australia. 3 day Meeting in Delhi of members of IndIGO, ACIGA and LIGO - Archana Pai awarded Max Planck India Partner Group March 2011 : Proposal Outline to seek Funds for IndIGO participation in LIGO-Australia submitted to DAE and DST - SURF student Nancy Agarwal to join MIT with Nergis Mavalvala for Ph.D - Approval of Indo-Japanese Joint proposal under DST-JSPS S&T : Coherent multi-detector gravitational wave search using LCGT and advanced interferometers. April 2011: Anil Prabhakar ( IIT Chennai) and Pradeep Kumar (IIT Kanpur) join in IndIGO experimental activities including 3m prototype - Sanjit Mitra to join IUCAA as Faculty May 2011: Visits to IPR to explore IPR participation in IndIGO - Abhay Ashtekar Joins IndIGO International Advisory Committee as Chair -Prof. P.K. Kaw (Director IPR) and Prof. Ajit Kembhavi (Director IUCAA) join IndIGO National Steering Committee -IIT Madras joins IndIGO Consortium May 2011 - : LIGO-India concept proposal explored June 2011………

42. Dear Prof. Kasturirangan, 1 June 2011 a concept proposal on behalf of LIGO Laboratory (USA) and the IndIGO Consortium, for a Joint Partnership venture to set up an Advanced gravitational wave detector at a suitable Indian site. The key idea is to utilize the high technology instrument components already fabricated for one of the three Advanced LIGO interferometers in an infrastructure provided by India that matches that of the US Advanced LIGO observatories. In its road-map with a thirty year horizon, the Gravitational Wave International Committee (a working unit of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics, IUPAP) has identified the expansion of the global network of gravitational wave interferometer observatories as a high priority for maximizing the scientific potential of gravitational wave observations. We are writing to you to put forward a concept proposal on behalf of LIGO Laboratory (USA) and the IndIGO Consortium, for a Joint Partnership venture to set up an Advanced gravitational wave detector at a suitable Indian site. In what follows this project is referred to as LIGO-India. The key idea is to utilize the high technology instrument components already fabricated for one of the three Advanced LIGO interferometers in an infrastructure provided by India that matches that of the US Advanced LIGO observatories. operational early in the lifetime of the advanced versions of gravitational wave observatories India would be unique among nations leading the scientific exploration of this new window on the universe a fraction of the total cost of independently establishing a fully- equipped and advanced observatory. LIGO-India could be operational early in the lifetime of the advanced versions of gravitational wave observatories now being installed the US (LIGO) and in Europe (Virgo and GEO) and would be of great value not only to the gravitational wave community, but to broader physics and astronomy research by launching an era of gravitational wave astronomy, including, the fundamental first direct detection of gravitational waves. As the southernmost member observatory of the global array of gravitational wave detectors, India would be unique among nations leading the scientific exploration of this new window on the universe. The present proposal promises to achieve this at a fraction of the total cost of independently establishing a fully- equipped and advanced observatory. It also offers technology that was developed over two decades of highly challenging global R&D effort that preceded the success of Initial LIGO gravitational wave detectors and the design of their advanced version. LIGO-India

43. LIGO-India: Why is it a good idea? for IndIGO Has a 20 year legacy and wide recognition in the Intl. GW community with seminal contributions to Source modeling (RRI)& Data Analysis (IUCAA). High precision measurements (TIFR), Participation in LHC (RRCAT) (Would not make it to the GWIC report, otherwise!) – AIGO/LIGO/EGO strong interest in fostering Indian community – GWIC invitation to IndIGO join as member (July 2011) Provides an exciting challenge at an International forefront of experimental science. Can tap and siphon back the extremely good UG students trained in India. (Sole cause of `brain drain’). – 1 st yr summer intern 2010  MIT for PhD – Indian experimental scientist  Postdoc at LIGO training for Adv. LIGO subsystem Indian experimental expertise related to GW observatories will thrive and attain high levels due to LIGO-India. – Sendhil Raja, RRCAT, Anil Prabhakar, EE, IIT Madras, Pradeep Kumar, EE, IITK Photonics – Vacuum expertise with RRCAT (S.K. Shukla, A.S. Raja Rao), IPR (S.K. Bhatt, Ajai Kumar) Jump start direct participation in GW observations/astronomy – going beyond analysis methodology & theoretical prediction --- to full fledged participation in experiment, data acquisition, analysis and astronomy results. For once, may be perfect time to a launch into a promising field (GW astronomy) with high end technological spinoffs well before it has obviously blossomed. Once in a generation opportunity to host an Unique International Experiment here.

44. Gravitational Wave Detectors (Interferometric) (IndIGO Technology Development Strategy) Scenario 1: LIGO-Australia gets funded IndIGO participates with a contribution in kind and manpower to an extent of 15% of the total project cost. IndIGO consortium members have expertise in development of lasers, optics and instruments for various application. The experience gained in the installation and commissioning of the interferometer is used to fine tune the R&D activity to develop the laser and optics technology required for these detectors. IndIGO then applies for funding to build a 2 nd generation detector at a suitable site in India and during the science runs of the 2 nd generation detector continues the R&D activity in lasers, optics and related technology for a 3 rd generation detector. The site and instrument design for the 2 nd generation is suitably chosen so that it can be upgrade to the 3 rd generation detector at the same site and with the same civil infrastructure.

45. (IndIGO Technology Development Strategy..) Scenario 2: LIGO-India gets funded IndIGO installs and commissions the Advanced-LIGO with the lasers and optics supplied by LIGO. IndIGO contributes as a 50:50 partner of project cost in terms of the site, civil structures and the vacuum system. The experience gained in the installation and commissioning of the LIGO-India interferometer is used to fine tune the R&D activity towards developing the laser and optics technology required for a 3 rd generation detector. IndIGO develops a laser system and a set of optics (indigenously) matching the specs of the laser and optics in Advanced-LIGO to serve as standby (spares) for LIGO-India. IndIGO then applies for funding to develop the sub-systems for a 3 rd generation detector and during the science runs of the 2 nd generation detector continues the R&D activity in lasers, optics and participates in international efforts on building the sub-systems for a 3 rd generation detector. The site and instrument design for the LIGO-India is suitably chosen so that after the science runs are over technology upgrades can be tested in the same civil infrastructure towards realizing the technology for the 3 rd generation detector. IndIGO applies for funding to either develop a 3 rd generation detector or participate in an international 3 rd generation detector.

46. Possible IndIGO Contributions to ET (3 rd G Detector) Contribute towards development of the lasers systems, investigate emerging laser technologies such as fiber lasers for developing a suitable laser for 3 rd generation detector. Develop squeezed light sources suitable for use in GWD. Design and development of diffractive optical components for generating higher order Laguerre-Gauss mode laser beams. Investigate instabilities due to quantum back action on cavity mirrors. Development of high flatness fused silica/silicon optics and develop fabrication and metrology techniques. Design and development of high power optical coating for the detector optics. Develop techniques for absorption measurement of high purity Si as a possible optical substrate at 1.5 micron laser wavelength. Develop high accuracy wavefront sensing and laser scanning based thermal compensation of cavity mirrors. Investigate possible techniques to cool the detector mirrors in a non contact way (laser cooling of Yb doped glasses have been demonstrated)