1. CHAPTER 1 – UNITY IN DIVERSITY

2. UNITY IN DIVERSITY
MARS VS EARTH (WHAT’S THE BIG DEAL?!?)

3. UNITY IN DIVERSITY WHAT IS SCIENCE?
AN ORGANIZED WAY OF LOOKING AT THE WORLD AND EXPLAINING OBSERVABLE PHENOMENA
WHAT DO WE OBSERVE IS THE PHENOMENA BETWEEN MARS AND EARTH?
LIFE VS. NO LIFE
BIOLOGY IS THE BRANCH OF SCIENCE THAT ATTEMPTS TO EXPLAIN “LIFE”

4. UNITY IN DIVERSITY
BIOLOGY
THE STUDY OF LIVING THINGS

5. UNITY IN DIVERSITY
IN ORDER TO FULLY UNDERSTAND BIOLOGY, WE MUST UNDERSTAND THE FOLLOWING AS THE FOUNDATIONAL PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY
HOW TO DEFINE LIFE
HOW TO USE SCIENCE IN EXPLAINING BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES (HOW TO THINK LIKE A SCIENTIST)
HOW TO ORGANIZE LIFE INTO MANAGEABLE TOPICS/GROUPS OF STUDY (CLASSIFICATION)

6. UNITY IN DIVERSITY WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO BE ALIVE??
THERE IS NO EASY ANSWER/DEFINITION TO THIS QUESTION…SO WHAT CAN WE DO TO FIGURE OUT IF SOMETHING IS “ALIVE”??

7. UNITY IN DIVERSITY
WE DEFINE SOMETHING AS BEING ALIVE (AN ORGANISM) IF IT HAS THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERISTICS:
LIVING THINGS ARE HIGHLY ORGANIZED AND CONTAIN MANY COMPLEX CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
LIVING THINGS ARE MADE UP OF ONE OR MORE CELLS
LIVING THINGS USE ENERGY
LIVING THINGS HAVE A DEFINITE FORM AND A LIMITED SIZE
LIVING THINGS HAVE A LIMITED LIFE SPAN
LIVING THINGS GROW
LIVING THINGS RESPOND TO CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT
LIVING THINGS ARE ARE ABLE TO REPRODUCE
GROUPS OF LIVING THINGS CHANGE OVER TIME (EVOLUTION)

8. UNITY IN DIVERSITY SAY HELLO TO THE EBOLA VIRUS… IS IT ALIVE??
DOES IT MEET ALL THE CRITERIA MENTIONED PREVIOUSLY??

9. UNITY IN DIVERSITY
WE DEFINE SOMETHING AS BEING ALIVE (AN ORGANISM) IF IT HAS THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERISTICS:
LIVING THINGS ARE HIGHLY ORGANIZED AND CONTAIN MANY COMPLEX CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES - CHECK
LIVING THINGS ARE MADE UP OF ONE OR MORE CELLS - CHECK
LIVING THINGS USE ENERGY - CHECK
LIVING THINGS HAVE A DEFINITE FORM AND A LIMITED SIZE - CHECK
LIVING THINGS HAVE A LIMITED LIFE SPAN - CHECK
LIVING THINGS GROW - CHECK
LIVING THINGS RESPOND TO CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT - CHECK
LIVING THINGS ARE ARE ABLE TO REPRODUCE – FAIL!!

10. UNITY IN DIVERSITY
NON-LIVING THINGS MAY EXHIBIT SOME OF THE CHARACTERISTICS LISTED, BUT UNLESS ALL OF THEM ARE PRESENT…IT IS CONSIDERED A NONLIVING THING

11. LIFE PROCESSES UNITY IN DIVERSITY
ANOTHER WAY TO DETERMINE IF SOMETHING IS LIVING IS IF IT PERFORMS ALL OF THE…
LIFE PROCESSES

12. UNITY IN DIVERSITY
LIFE PROCESSES = H.N.T.R.S.G.E.R.M.R (“HUNTERS GERMER”)

13. UNITY IN DIVERSITY H = HOMEOSTASIS G = GROWTH N = NUTRITION
E = EXCRETION
T = TRANSPORT
R = REGULATION
R = RESPIRATION
M = METABOLISM
S = SYNTHESIS
R = REPRODUCTION

14. UNITY IN DIVERSITY HOMEOSTASIS
MAINTAINING A STABLE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
“FEEDBACK” MECHANISMS

15. UNITY IN DIVERSITY NUTRITION
TAKING MATERIALS FROM THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT AND TURNING THEM INTO FORMS YOU CAN USE
AUTOTROPHIC VS. HETEROTROPHIC
INGESTION VS. DIGESTION VS. EGESTION

16. UNITY IN DIVERSITY TRANSPORT
THE PROCESS BY WHICH SUBSTANCES ENTER AND LEAVE CELLS AND BECOME DISTRIBUTED WITHIN THE CELLS
*CIRCULATORY SYSTEM*
SPECIALIZED SYSTEM TO ALLOW FOR TRANSPORT

17. UNITY IN DIVERSITY RESPIRATION BREATHING VS. CELLULAR RESPIRATION
AEROBIC VS. ANAEROBIC

18. UNITY IN DIVERSITY SYNTHESIS
COMBINING SIMPLE SUBSTANCES TO FORM LARGER, MORE COMPLEX SUBSTANCES

19. UNITY IN DIVERSITY GROWTH
PROCESS BY WHICH ORGANISMS INCREASE IN SIZE (EITHER # OF CELLS, OR SIZE OF CELL)

20. UNITY IN DIVERSITY
EXCRETION
THE REMOVAL OF METABOLIC WASTES

21. UNITY IN DIVERSITY REGULATION
ALL THE ACTIVITIES THAT HELP AN ORGANISM MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS
A.K.A “RESPONSE”

22. UNITY IN DIVERSITY METABOLISM
ALL THE CHEMICAL REACTIONS (RxNS) THAT OCCUR IN THE BODY

23. UNITY IN DIVERSITY REPRODUCTION
THE PROCESS BY WHICH LIVING THINGS PRODUCE NEW ORGANISMS OF THEIR OWN KIND
ASEXUAL VS. SEXUAL
*ONLY PROCESS THAT IS NOT NECESSARY FOR INDIVIDUAL*

24. UNITY IN DIVERSITY
ALWAYS REMEMBER…
H.N.T.R.S.G.E.R.M.R

25. UNITY IN DIVERSITY
NEXT TIME… WE TALK ABOUT WHY I, AND YOU, LOVE SCIENCE
LEARN TO THINK, AND ACT, LIKE A SCIENTIST

26. BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE

27. BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
THE UNIVERSAL SCIENTIFIC APPROACH TO PROBLEM- SOLVING

28. BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE IDENTIFY THE PROBLEM FORMULATE A HYPOTHESIS
A SCIENTIFIC PROBLEM IS PHRASED IN THE FORM OF A QUESTION
EXAMPLE??
FORMULATE A HYPOTHESIS
A HYPOTHESIS IS AN EDUCATED GUESS (*POSSIBLE EXPLANATION*)
“IF, THEN” STATEMENT
NEVER IN THE FORM OF A QUESTION!!!!!
EXAMPLE???

29. BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS – EXPERIMENTATION
SCIENTISTS WILL SET UP A SITUATION WHERE A PARTICULAR OBSERVATION CAN BE MADE
OFTEN SCIENTISTS USE CONTROLLED EXPERIMENTS
TWO, OR MORE, EXPERIMENTS ARE SET UP WHERE ONLY A SINGLE FACTOR IS DIFFERENT BETWEEN THEM
THAT SINGLE FACTOR IS CALLED A VARIABLE

30. BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT
CONTROL GROUP VS. EXPERIMENTAL GROUP

31. BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
THE PLACEBO EFFECT

32. BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE OBSERVE AND RECORD DATA ANALYZE DATA
DRAW CONCLUSIONS
RETEST / RETEST / RETEST / RETEST / RETEST / RETEST / RETEST / RETEST / RETEST / RETEST
SCIENTIFIC THEORIES
EXPLANATIONS THAT APPLY TO A BROAD RANGE OF PHENOMENA AND THAT ARE SUPPORTED BY EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE
SCIENTIFIC LAWS
A STATEMENT THAT DESCRIBES SOME ASPECT OF A PHENOMENA THAT IS ALWAYS TRUE…NOT AN EXPLANATION!!!

33. BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
SI SYSTEM

34. BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE TOOLS OF THE BIOLOGIST LABORATORY TECHNIQUES
THE LIGHT MICROSCOPE
THE SIMPLE MICROSCOPE
THE COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
THE PHASE-CONTRAST MICROSCOPE
THE STEREOMICROSCOPE
THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
LABORATORY TECHNIQUES
CENTRIFUGATION
MICRODISSECTION
CHROMATOGRAPHY
ELECTROPHORESIS
SPECTROPHOTOMETERS

35. BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
THE LIGHT MICROSCOPE
MAGNIFICATION VS. RESOLUTION

36. BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
PHASE-CONTRAST MICROSCOPES

37. BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE STEREOMICROSCOPES
HELPFUL TO SEE EXTERIOR SURFACES, USUALLY PROVIDES A MORE 3-D IMAGE

38. BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE ELECTRON MICROSCOPES TRANSMISSION VS SCANNING
1,000,000x MAGNIFACTION, BUT…

39. BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE ELECTRON MICROSCOPES TRANSMISSION VS SCANNING
1,000,000x MAGNIFACTION, BUT…

40. BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE LABORATORY TECHNIQUES CENTRIFUGATION
CHROMATOGRAPHY
ELECTROPHORESIS

41. BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
LET’S KEEP LEARNING…SO YOU ARE ALL SMART ENOUGH TO AVOID DOING…

42. CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS

43. CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
ABOUT HOW MANY LIVING THINGS EXIST ON EARTH?
1.5 MILLION KNOWN ORGANISMS
THOUSANDS MORE IDENTIFIED EACH YEAR
ABOUT 10 MILLION DIFFERENT ORGANISMS BELIEVED TO EXIST ON EARTH

44. CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
WITH SO MANY DIFFERENT LIVING THINGS, IT IS ESSENTIAL FOR SCIENTISTS TO ORGANIZE THEM TO MAKE IT EASIER TO SHARE, AND STUDY, INFORMATION ABOUT LIVING THINGS

45. CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
THE BRANCH OF BIOLOGY THAT DEALS WITH CLASSIFICATION (GROUPING) AND NAMING LIVING THINGS IS CALLED…
TAXONOMY

46. CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
WHY ORGANIZE??

47. CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
EARLY CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

48. CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
MODERN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM BASED UPON THE WORK OF CAROLUS LINNAEUS
ISN’T HE A HOTTIE?!?!?

49. CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
IF YOU WERE TO GROUP THINGS TOGETHER, WHAT WOULD YOU USE?
LINNAEUS GROUPED THINGS BASED ON PHYSICAL(STRUCTURAL) SIMILARITY
DIFFERENT LEVELS OF GROUPS WERE CREATED TO DEMONSTRATE VARIOUS LEVELS OF SIMILARITY

50. CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES
KINGS PLAY CHESS ON FLAT GLASS SQUARES

51. CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS

52. CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
A BONUS OF THIS CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM IS THAT IT LED TO A SIMPLE METHOD FOR NOMENCLATURE = “NAMING SYSTEM”
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

53. CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
TWO NAME NAMING SYSTEM
TWO NAMES COME FROM THE GENUS AND SPECIES GROUPS OF CLASSIFICATION
SCIENTIFIC NAME
WHY IS THIS SO IMPORTANT??

54. CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
WHAT MAKES LIVING THINGS THE SAME SPECIES?
SPECIES
A POPULATION OF ORGANISMS THAT IS ABLE TO REPRODUCE WITH EACH OTHER AND PRODUCE FERTILE OFFSPRING

55. CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
MODERN TAXONOMICAL PRINCIPLES
STRUCTURAL INFORMATION
BIOCHEMICAL INFORMATION
CYTOLOGICAL INFORMATION
EMBRYOLOGICAL INFORMATION
BEHAVIORAL INFORMATION
FOSSIL INFORMATION

56. CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
MAJOR TAXONOMICAL GROUPS

57. CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
KINGDOM – MONERA
PROKARYOTES
ARCHAEBACTERIA VS. EUBACTERIA
KINGDOM – PROTISTA
EUKARYOTE
AMEBA
PARAMECIUM
EUGLENA

58. CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
KINGDOM – FUNGI
EUKARYOTES
HETEROTROPH
CELL WALL
KINGDOM – PLANTS
EUKARYOTES
AUTOTROPH
CELL WALL

59. CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
KINGDOM – ANIMALS
EUKARYOTES
HETEROTROPH
REPRESENTATIVE ORGANISMS
HYDRA
EARTHWORM
GRASSHOPPER
HUMAN

60. CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
WITH GROUPS MADE, SCIENTISTS USE TAXONOMIC KEYS TO CLASSIFY ORGANISMS

61. CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
CLASSIFICATION / GROUPING ALLOWS US TO ORGANIZE HOW WE STUDY BIOLOGY
LIFE’S HIERARCHY

62. CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
LIFE’S HIERARCHY GIVES US A PLACE TO START DISCUSSING THE SPECIFICS OF HOW LIFE WORKS… SO LET’S GET TO IT!!!