IAS 16 - Property, plant and equipment IAS 36 – Impairment of Assets

IAS 16 - Property, plant and equipment IAS 36 – Impairment of Assets

Typical coverage of US GAAP
Definition Acquisition of PP&E: General Self-constructed assets Interest costs during construction Initial cost of natural resources Valuation at acquisition: Exchange of non-monetary assets Lump-sum purchases Deferred payment contracts Purchase paid for using company stock Costs incurred subsequent to acquisition Periodic valuation: Carrying value Impairment

Typical coverage of US GAAP
Cost allocation issues: Depreciation Definition Useful life Depreciable base Depreciation method Depletion Disposition: Sale Involuntary conversion Fully depreciated fixed assets Disclosure requirements

Executive summary IFRS permits periodic revaluation of an entire class of fixed assets to fair value. US GAAP does not allow revaluation. IFRS has a one-step approach for determining impairment of fixed assets while US GAAP has a two-step approach. IFRS allows reversal of impairment losses on fixed assets, while this is prohibited using US GAAP. IFRS requires depreciation of components of an asset when the components have different periods of benefit. Component depreciation is permissible using US GAAP but is not a common practice.

Primary pronouncements
US GAAP ASC 360, Property, Plant and Equipment ASC , Asset Retirement and Environmental Obligations-Asset Retirement Obligations ASC , Interest-Capitalization of Interest IFRS IAS 16, Property, Plant and Equipment IAS 36, Impairment of Asset

Progress on convergence
Impairment was one of the short-term convergence projects agreed to by the FASB and IASB in their 2006 Memorandum of Understanding. In their September 2008 meeting, the FASB and IASB decided to defer work on convergence on impairment until other work is completed. Convergence on other fixed-asset-related accounting matters is not planned at this time.

Definition US GAAP IFRS
PP&E includes long-term tangible assets acquired for use in operations and not for resale. Similar

Acquisition General US GAAP IFRS
PP&E should be recorded based on the fair value given up or the value received, whichever is more clearly evident. Similar Costs include purchase price and related taxes, directly attributable costs and estimated retirement obligation costs. Similar Costs that are not directly attributable should be expensed as a period cost. Similar

Acquisition General US GAAP
Voluntary investments in safety or environmental equipment are capitalized. IFRS Voluntary investments in safety or environmental equipment are expensed, unless they extend the economic life of the related asset or a constructive obligation exists to improve the asset’s safety or environmental standards.

Acquisition General Example 1:
Clean Company wants to be viewed as the most environmentally friendly company in its industry. As a result, the company installs equipment on its smoke stacks to reduce emissions. The equipment costs $30,000 and has a three-year life. How would this equipment be accounted for using US GAAP and IFRS?

Acquisition General Example 1 solution:
Using US GAAP, this equipment would be capitalized and depreciated over its three-year life. Using IFRS, the $30,000 cost of this voluntary investment in environmental equipment might be expensed in year one, unless it extends the economic life of the smoke stacks or this expenditure fulfills a constructive obligation.

Acquisition Self-constructed assets
US GAAP IFRS Direct cost of materials and labor should be capitalized. Similar A portion of indirect costs can be included in capitalized costs. Similar

Acquisition Interest costs during construction
US GAAP IFRS Interest costs are capitalized to the extent that these costs could have been avoided had the expenditures been used to repay the debt rather than to acquire or construct the asset. Similar, although IFRS uses the term “borrowing costs.” The qualifying asset must take a period of time to complete. Similar, although IFRS says a “substantial” period of time. Interest capitalization commences and continues as long as expenditures and progress are made to get the asset ready for its intended use. Similar Capitalizable interest is based on specific borrowing if available or weighted-average costs of borrowings, and cannot exceed actual interest for the period. Similar

US GAAP Interest revenue cannot be netted against interest cost. IFRS Interest revenue is netted against interest cost. When funds borrowed to finance the acquisition of a qualified asset are temporarily invested, the interest cost should be reduced by any investment income earned on these funds.

US GAAP Exchange rate differences on borrowing costs cannot be included in capitalizable interest costs. IFRS Exchange rate differences related to foreign currency borrowings to the extent they are an adjustment to interest costs can be capitalized using IAS 23.

Example 2: To finance construction of a qualifying asset, the company borrows $250,000 on January 1, 2010, at an interest rate of 8%. The company makes the following disbursements during the 24-month construction period: $100,000 on January 1, 2010; $50,000 on June 30, 2010; $50,000 on January 1, 2011, and $50,000 on June 30, Construction of the asset is completed on December 31, 2011, and it is ready for its intended use. During the construction period, excess funds are invested, which earn 5% in 2010 and 4% in 2011. What are the interests that should be capitalized using US GAAP and IFRS?

Example 2 solution: US GAAP: The interest cost capitalized for the two-year period of $28,000 is calculated by determining the portion of the interest cost the company incurs during the construction of the building that theoretically could have been avoided. Interest revenue is not netted against interest expense. Date Amount disbursed Months outstanding Weighted disbursement January 1, 2010 $ 100,000 24/12 $ 200,000 June 30, 2010 50,000 18/12 75,000 January 1, 2011 12/12 June 30, 2011 6/12 25,000 Weighted-average accumulated expenditures $ 350,000 Interest capitalized at an 8% interest rate $ 28,000

Example 2 solution (continued): IFRS: IAS 23 requires reducing the interest to be capitalized by the income earned from temporary investment of those borrowings (paragraph 12). Therefore, under IFRS, the investment income earned is calculated as follows: Thus, the net interest cost to be capitalized for this asset is $20,750 ($28,000-$7,250) using IFRS. Date Amount available Earnings rate Year Investment income January 1, 2009 $ 150,000 5% 1/2 $ 3,750 June 30, 2009 100,000 2,500 January 1, 2010 50,000 4% 1,000 June 30, 2010 – 0% $ 7,250

Example 3: To construct an asset, a French company borrows US dollars during a 24-month construction period of: $100,000 on January 1, 2010; $50,000 on June 30, 2010; $50,000 on January 1, 2011; and $50,000 on June 30, Construction of the asset is completed on December 31, 2011, and it is ready for its intended use. The specific interest rate on this borrowing is 8% with the amounts being borrowed as the expenditures are made. On December 31, 2011, the French company uses euros to repay its US-dollar loan and incurs an exchange loss of $5,000. What costs should be capitalized using US GAAP and IFRS?

Example 3 solution: Expenditures The amount of interest capitalized in this example is $28,000 using US GAAP since the exchange rate difference on the borrowing costs is not capitalizable. Using IFRS, the total capitalizable costs would be $33,000. Date Amount Capitalization period Interest rate Interest to capitalization January 1, 2010 $ 100,000 24/12 8% $ 16,000 June 30, 2010 50,000 18/12 6,000 January 1, 2011 12/12 4,000 June 30, 2011 6/12 2,000 $ 250,000 $ 28,000

Acquisition Initial cost of natural resources
US GAAP IFRS Definition of initial costs. Similar Allows use of successful-efforts method or full-cost method. Similar Prospecting costs should be treated as a period expense. Similar

Acquisition Initial cost of natural resources
US GAAP Using ASC , geological and geophysical costs should be expensed as incurred. IFRS IFRS 6 allows these costs to be capitalized.

Valuation at acquisition Exchange of non-monetary assets
US GAAP IFRS Valuation should be based on fair value given up or fair value received, whichever is more clearly evident. Similar If the transaction has commercial substance, any related gain or loss should be recognized in income. Similar If the exchange lacks commercial substance, losses should be recognized immediately and gains should be deferred if no cash is received as part of the exchange. Similar

US GAAP If the exchange lacks commercial substance and some cash is received, a portion of the gain can be recognized: The formula for recognizing gain is: (cash received/(fair value of assets plus cash received)) x total gain. When cash represents 25% or more of the exchanged value, the transaction should be accounted for as a monetary exchange. IFRS IAS 16, paragraph 24, states “unless (a) the exchange lacks commercial substance or (b) the fair value of neither the asset received nor the asset given up is reliably measurable,” then the value of the acquired item is measured at fair value. If the exchange lacks commercial substance or the fair value of neither asset is reliably measurable, then the cost is measured as the cost of the asset given up. In this case, this would result in gains being deferred using IFRS.

Example 4: A company exchanges two used printing presses with a total net book value of $24,000 ($40,000 cost less accumulated depreciation of $16,000) for a new printing press with a fair value of $24,000 and $3,000 in cash. The fair value of the two used printing presses is $27,000. The transaction is deemed to lack commercial substance. What gain or loss would be recognized using US GAAP and IFRS? Show corresponding journal entries.

Example 4 solution: The portion of the gain to be recognized using US GAAP would be computed as follows: cash received of $3,000/(fair value of assets of $24,000 + cash received of $3,000) x total the gain of $3,000 = recognized gain of $333. New printing press $ 21,333 Cash 3,000 Accumulated depreciation 16,000 Old printing presses $ (40,000) Gain on disposal 333 The cost of the new printing press is the $24,000 fair value reduced by the unrecognized gain of $2,667.

Example 4 solution (continued): Using IFRS, no gain would be recognized since the transaction lacks commercial substance. The entry would be as follows: New printing press $ 21,000 Cash 3,000 Accumulated depreciation 16,000 Old printing presses $ 40,000 If there is a computed loss on the exchange, recognize the amount of the loss immediately.

Valuation at acquisition Lump-sum purchases
US GAAP IFRS Allocate lump-sum purchase costs based on the relative fair value of the assets acquired. Similar

Valuation at acquisition Deferred payment contracts
US GAAP IFRS The asset is recorded at the present value of the asset on the date of acquisition. Similar Financing costs should be treated as period interest costs and expensed. Similar While there are some minor differences, there are no significant differences.

Valuation at acquisition Purchases paid for using company stock
US GAAP IFRS If the company’s stock is actively traded, the value of the stock should be used to determine the value of the asset received in the exchange. If a company cannot determine the market value of its stock, it should determine the fair value of the asset received in the exchange. Similarly, “the fair value of the asset given up is used to measure the cost of the asset received unless the fair value of the asset received is more clearly evident.” (IAS 16.24)

Costs incurred subsequent to acquisition
US GAAP IFRS These costs should be capitalized if the useful life is extended, items produced are enhanced or the quantity produced has increased. Similarly, IAS 16 applies the same principles in accounting for initial costs or subsequent expenditures on fixed assets. Recurring maintenance and repairs that do not benefit future periods should be expensed. Similar

Periodic valuation Carrying value
US GAAP IFRS Assuming no impairment, PP&E is valued using the cost method at cost less accumulated depreciation. Similar, although this is a permitted and not required method.

US GAAP Revaluation of fixed assets is not allowed. IFRS A company can choose to account for PP&E and natural resources at fair value using the revaluation method: Cost or fair value must be applied to an entire class of PP&E. Different classes can have different policies. Fair value is the amount at which an asset could be exchanged in an arm’s length transaction between knowledgeable and willing parties. A professional appraiser may be used to establish fair value. Revaluations must be performed periodically to ensure the carrying value of that asset class is not materially different than its fair value.

US GAAP Revaluation of fixed assets is not allowed. IFRS Accounting for revaluation: Increases in value should be credited through OCI to a revaluation surplus account in equity, unless it reverses a loss that was previously expensed, in which case that portion may be credited to income. Decreases in value should be expensed unless it reverses a previous revaluation surplus account relating to the same asset. That portion can be debited through OCI to the revaluation surplus account in equity. If the revalued basis of an asset exceeds the cost basis, there will be an increase in annual depreciation. To the extent there is an increase in depreciation expense, per IAS , an entity may reverse the portion of reserve surplus related to this increase by debiting revaluation surplus and crediting retained earnings. Alternatively, this transfer may be computed upon disposal.

US GAAP Revaluation of fixed assets is not allowed. IFRS Accounting for revaluation (continued): When an asset is disposed of, any remaining related revaluation surplus account in equity may be transferred to retained earnings. The revaluation surplus can never be credited to income. If an asset is revalued, an entity may account for the accumulated depreciation at the date of revaluation in two ways: Depreciation elimination method: The accumulated depreciation can be eliminated against the asset itself. Proportionate restatement method: The accumulated depreciation can be restated proportionately with the change in the gross carrying value of the asset so that the carrying value of the asset after revaluation equals its revalued amount.

US GAAP Revaluation of fixed assets is not allowed. IFRS In 2006, Ernst & Young LLP provided an overview of 65 selected large, multinational companies reporting using IFRS. Only one company used the revaluation option for any of its PP&E. In a recent study, Hans B. Christensen and Valeri Nikolaev of the University of Chicago Booth School of Business looked at the valuation choices made by 1,539 German and UK companies in the first year of preparing IFRS financial statements. They found that only 3% of the companies chose to use fair value accounting for at least one class of assets.

Example 5: A company that reports using IFRS acquired weight-lifting equipment on January 1, 2009, at a cost of $10,000. This is the company’s only equipment. The company uses fair value for its equipment using IAS 16. On December 31, 2010, the net book value is $8,000 (cost of $10,000 less accumulated depreciation of $2,000), while the fair value is determined to be $8,800. What journal entries would be required to record the revaluations in 2010?

Example 5 solution: Accumulated depreciation $ 2,000 Equipment $ 2,000 (To eliminate accumulated depreciation.) Equipment $ 800 Revaluation surplus – equipment (OCI) $ 800 (To write equipment up to fair value.)

Example 6: A company that reports using IFRS acquired an excavator on January 1, 2009, at a cost of $10,000. This excavator represents the company’s only piece of equipment. The company uses fair value for its equipment using IAS 16. This excavator is being depreciated on a straight-line basis over its 10-year useful life. There is no residual value at the end of the 10-year period. In both 2009 and 2010, depreciation would be $1,000. On December 31, 2010, the fair value is determined to be $8,800. On December 31, 2012, the fair value is determined to be $5,000. The company’s accounting policy is to reverse a portion of revaluation surplus related to the increased depreciation expense. Determine what accounts would be impacted if this activity is recorded for 2009 through 2012.

Example 6 solution: Date Cost Depreciation expense Accumulated depreciation Net Revaluation surplus (OCI) Expense Retained earnings January 1, 2009 $10,000 $ – December 31, 2009 10,000 1,000 (1,000) 9,000 – December 31, 2010 (2,000) 8,000 Revalue (1,200) 2,000 800 (800) 8,800 December 31, 2011 1,100 (1,100) 7,700 (700) (100) December 31, 2012 (2,200) 6,600 (600) (200) (3,800) 2,200 (1,600) 600 $ 5,000 $ 1,000 $ (200)

Example 6 solution (continued): 2009: Equipment $ 10,000 Cash $ 10,000 (To record purchase of equipment.) Depreciation expense $ 1,000 Accumulated depreciation $ 1,000 (To record depreciation.) 2010: Depreciation expense $ 1,000 Accumulated depreciation $ 1,000 Accumulated depreciation $ 2,000 Equipment $ 1,200 Revaluation surplus – equipment (OCI) 800 (To record revaluation.) 2011: Depreciation expense $ 1,100 Accumulated depreciation $ 1,100 (To record depreciation.) Revaluation surplus – equipment (OCI) $ 100 Retained earnings $ 100 (To reverse portion of reserve surplus related to increased depreciation expense. Note that this journal entry is optional.)

Example 6 solution (continued): 2012: Depreciation expense $ 1,100 Accumulated depreciation $ 1,100 (To record depreciation.) Revaluation surplus – equipment (OCI) $ 100 Retained earnings $ 100 (To reverse portion of reserve surplus related to increased depreciation expense. Note that this journal entry is optional.) Accumulated depreciation $ 2,200 Revaluation surplus – equipment (OCI) 600 Loss 1,000 Equipment $ 3,800 (To record devaluation of equipment.)

Periodic valuation Impairment
US GAAP IFRS Impairment indicators for an asset include such items as significant change in its use, projected losses related to its use, a significant decline in its market value, etc. Similar Similar An impaired asset must be written down, and the charge is recorded in income.

Periodic valuation Impairment – impairment indicators and recoverability test
US GAAP ASC requires a review for impairment indicators in PP&E “whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable.” A recoverability test is required: If the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the sum of the expected net future undiscounted cash flows, then the asset is not recoverable and an impairment loss must be calculated. IFRS IAS 36 requires an entity to assess annually whether there are any indicators of impairment. There is no recoverability test, simply calculate an impairment loss if impairment indicators are present.

Periodic valuation Impairment – calculating the impairment loss
US GAAP The impairment loss is the excess of the carrying value of the asset compared to its fair value (with fair value calculated according to ASC ). IFRS IAS 36 determines the impairment loss as the excess of the carrying value of the asset over its recoverable amount: The recoverable amount is the higher of the fair value (sales value) less the disposal costs or value in use (the discounted net present value of expected future cash flows from the asset).

Periodic valuation Impairment – recording the impairment loss
US GAAP The impairment loss is always reported through net income. IFRS The impairment loss is recognized in OCI to the extent that it is reversing a prior upward revaluation. Otherwise, it is included in net income.

Periodic valuation Impairment – reversal of the impairment loss
US GAAP A reversal of the impairment loss is prohibited. IFRS The impairment loss can be reversed up to the newly calculated recoverable amount, but it cannot exceed what the original carrying amount, net of depreciation, would have been.

Example 7: At December 31, 2010, a company has a piece of equipment it acquired on January 1, 2007, with an initial scrap value of $0, which has significantly decreased in market value due to technological innovations in the industry in which the company operates. The equipment’s 10-year service life has a net carrying value of $60,000 ($100,000 cost less $40,000 of accumulated depreciation). The expected future undiscounted cash flows from the use of this equipment are $59,000. Additionally, the company expects to scrap the equipment in six years at the end of its service life, for $2,000. Is an impairment loss calculation required using US GAAP and IFRS?

Example 7 solution: Using US GAAP, the carrying value of the equipment of $60,000 is less than the expected future undiscounted cash flows of $61,000 ($59,000 + $2,000), so no impairment loss calculation is required. Using IFRS, an impairment loss calculation is required because impairment indicators are present.

Example 8: Use the same facts as the previous example, except the scrap value is expected to be $0. Additionally, the net fair value of the piece of equipment is $50,000. The discounted net present value of expected cash flows from this piece of equipment is $51,000. What, if any, impairment loss should be recorded using US GAAP and IFRS? Show any required journal entries.

Example 8 solution: Using US GAAP, the piece of equipment now fails the recoverability test. The $60,000 carrying value of the equipment exceeds the sum of the expected net future undiscounted cash flows of $59,000. Therefore, an impairment loss must be calculated. The impairment loss is the difference between the carrying value of $60,000 and the net fair value of $50,000. A $10,000 impairment loss would be recorded as follows: Impairment loss $ 10,000 Accumulated depreciation $ 10,000 Using IFRS, there are impairment indicators so an impairment loss must be calculated. Using IAS 36, the recoverable amount is $51,000 (the higher of the net fair value of $50,000 or the discounted net present value of the cash flows of $51,000). Therefore, a $9,000 impairment loss needs to be recorded as follows: Impairment loss $ 9,000 Accumulated depreciation $ 9,000

Example 9: Use the same facts as the previous example, except in 2012 it is discovered that the technological innovations related to this piece of equipment are not effective. As a result, the net fair value of this piece of equipment is now $41,000. Also, assume the scrap value was always $0. Using IFRS, what amount of the original impairment loss of $9,000 can be reversed? Show any required journal entries to reverse the impairment loss.

Example 9 solution: Impaired Not impaired Net asset value 2010 $ 60,000 $ 60,000 Impairment 2010 (9,000) 51,000 Depreciation 2011 $51,000/(6) (8,500) (10,000) Depreciation 2012 $51,000/(6) (8,500) (10,000) 34,000 $ 40,000 Reversal of impairment loss 6,000 $ 40,000 Accumulated depreciation $ 6,000 Impairment loss $ 6,000

Cost allocation issues Depreciation
US GAAP IFRS Definition: the systematic and rational manner of allocating the cost of a tangible asset to expense over the asset’s expected life. Similar Useful life: the expected service period of the asset, which could be shorter than its physical life. Similar Depreciable base: if the cost basis is used, then the depreciable base is the cost of the asset less the estimated salvage value. Similar, but IFRS requires each significant component of an asset to be identified and its depreciable base to be determined. Depreciation method: attempt to match the cost of an asset to the period benefited from the use of the asset. Typical methods are the straight-line method, the units-of-production method and various accelerated methods. Similar

US GAAP Depreciable base: component depreciation is allowed, but is rarely done because it complicates the accounting. IFRS Depreciable base: IAS states, “each part of an item of property, plant and equipment with a cost that is significant in relation to the total cost of the item shall be depreciated separately.”

Example 10: A company acquires a truck at a cost of $60,000. The service life is expected to be four years. Based on reliable historical data, the company believes the truck can be sold at the end of four years for $10,000. Additionally, the tires must be replaced every two years. The transmission must be replaced every three years. On the initial date of acquisition, the tires have a cost of $4,000 and the transmission has a cost of $6,000. What is the depreciable base and service life using US GAAP and IFRS? Assume the company chooses not to use component depreciation using US GAAP.

Example 10 solution: Depreciable base Service life US GAAP IFRS Truck 4 years $ 50,000 $ 40,000 Tires 2 years – 4,000 Transmission 3 years – 6,000 $ 50,000 $ 50,000

Example 11: Use the same facts as the previous example. Assume straight-line depreciation and compute the depreciation expense in year one using US GAAP and IFRS. Assume that all of the salvage value is assigned to the truck itself and none to the tires or transmission.

US GAAP US GAAP depreciable depreciation base expense IFRS IFRS Example 11 solution: Service life Truck 4 years $ 50,000 $ 12,500 Truck 4 years $ 40,000 $ 10,000 Tires 2 years 4,000 2,000 Transmission 3 years 6,000 2,000 $ 50,000 $ 14,000

Cost allocation issues Depletion
US GAAP IFRS The straight-line and units-of-production methods are allowed. Similar There are no significant differences if the cost method is used. There may be differences if the asset is revalued using IFRS.

Disposition Sale US GAAP IFRS
Gain or loss is calculated based on the asset’s net cost less the sales proceeds. Similar

Disposition Sale US GAAP The revaluation method is not allowed. IFRS
If the revaluation method is used, the accounting for a sale may be slightly different, as follows: If the revaluation resulted in a write-down of the asset, then the gain or loss on the sale is calculated based on the sales proceeds less the net adjusted asset value. If the revaluation resulted in a write-up of the asset, then the revaluation surplus account can be reversed to retained earnings. There are no significant differences if the cost method is used.

Disposition Sale Example 12:
A company acquired its only building on January 1, 2009, at a cost of $4 million. The building has a 20-year life and is being depreciated on a straight-line basis. On December 31, 2010, the net book value of the building was $3.6 million. The company revalued the building when the fair value of the building was $3.78 million on December 31, On December 31, 2012, the company sold the building for $3.6 million. The company’s accounting policy is to reverse a portion of the surplus account related to increased depreciation expense. Determine what accounts would be impacted and, in table format, show the activity for the years through 2012. Show the journal entry to record the sale.

Accumulated depreciation Surplus account in equity
Disposition Sale Example 12 solution: Date Cost Accumulated depreciation Net Surplus account in equity Income Retained earnings January 1, 2009 $ 4,000,000 December 31, 2009 4,000,000 $ (200,000) 3,800,000 December 31, 2010 (400,000) 3,600,000 (220,000) 400,000 180,000 $ (180,000) $ 3,780,000 $ – December 31, 2011 3,780,000 (210,000)* 3,570,000 10,000 $ (10,000) December 31, 2012 (420,000) 3,360,000 (10,000) $ (420,000) $ 3,360,000 $ (160,000) $ (20,000) Sale $(3,780,000) 420,000 160,000 $(240,000) (160,000) $ – $ – $ (240,000) * Calculated as $3,780,000 NBV divided by remaining 18-year life.

Disposition Sale Example 12 solution (continued):
The entry to record the sale would be as follows: Cash $ 3,600,000 Accumulated depreciation 420,000 Revaluation surplus (OCI) 160,000 Building cost 3,780,000 Gain on sale 240,000 Retained earnings 160,000 Note: if the asset hadn’t been revalued, the NBV of the building would have been $3.2 million (cost of $4.0 million less $200,000 depreciation x 4 years). If the building was sold for $3.6 million, the gain would have been $400,000. Since the building was revalued, the depreciation expense over the four years was $820,000 ($200,000 in 2008 and 2009 and $210,000 in 2010 and 2011). Reserve surplus was reduced by $20,000 during this period with the credit applied directly to retained earnings. Reserve surplus can never be credited to income. Therefore, after reversing the remaining reserve surplus of $160,000 to retained earnings, the resulting gain is $240,000.

Disposition Involuntary conversion
US GAAP IFRS Occurs when the use of an asset is terminated by forces outside of the company’s control. Similar

US GAAP The difference between the net book value and the recovered amounts results in a gain or loss when the recovered amounts are received. If the nature of the disposition is unusual and infrequent, these gains or losses may be reported in the income statement as an extraordinary item. IFRS IAS states that “compensation from third parties for PP&E that is impaired, lost or given up is included in profit and loss when it becomes receivable.” Disclosure of extraordinary items in the income statement is prohibited.

Example 13: A fire destroys a company’s only warehouse. The net book value of the warehouse is $1,000,000 (cost of $4,000,000 less accumulated depreciation of $3,000,000). The company receives $800,000 from its insurance company. What accounting entries are necessary to record these events using US GAAP and IFRS?

Example 13 solution: US GAAP Cash $ ,000 Accumulated depreciation 3,000,000 Extraordinary loss on fire ,000 Warehouse $ 4,000,000 IFRS Accumulated depreciation $ 3,000,000 Loss on disposal 1,000,000 (Recorded at time of fire) Cash $ 800,000 Income on insurance policy $ 800,000 (To record insurance proceeds)

Fully depreciated fixed assets
US GAAP IFRS Fully depreciated assets still in use should be left on the books. Similar

Disclosures US GAAP IFRS Similar Similar Similar Similar
The measurement basis used for each class of PP&E. Similar The balance of each class of PP&E as of the balance sheet date. Similar A description of the depreciation method, the useful lives of PP&E, the amount of accumulated depreciation and depreciation expense during the period. Similar The amount of impairment losses recognized in income during the year. Similar

Disclosures US GAAP Revaluing PP&E is not allowed.
Reversal of impairment losses is not allowed. Estimates of proven oil and gas reserves. IFRS For revalued assets: The effective date of the revaluation. The methods and assumptions used in estimating fair value. Whether an independent appraiser was utilized. For revalued classes of assets their net cost basis. The changes to and balance in the revaluation surplus. The amount of impairment losses reversed directly to equity or through net income. Not required.

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IAS 16 - Property, plant and equipment IAS 36 – Impairment of Assets

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IAS 16 - Property, plant and equipment IAS 36 – Impairment of Assets

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