1. Sam Pandey and Ben Cherry P:6 1/13/13

2.  We normally have 4 parathyroid glands total  Located in the neck  Exist behind the Thyroid gland  Exist in groups of two  Two on the left of the thyroid and two on the right

3.  Parathyroid Gland secretes two main hormones  The Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)-Positive hormone  Calcitonin-Negative hormone

4.  Both PTH and calcitonin regulate calcium levels  PTH increases the level of calcium and phosphorous if level is low (osteoclast activation)  PTH acts upon both bones and kidneys  Withdraws calcium from urine  Calcitonin inhibits osteoclasts

5.  Parathyroid hormone controls calcium  Calcium plays an enormous role in maintenance of homeostasis  Effects neuromuscular excitability, blood clotting, cell membrane permeability and functioning of certain enzymes  Calcium is very important…

6.  The most important roles of calcium are…  Provide means for electrical impulses to travel  Provide electrical energy to nervous system  Provide electrical energy to muscular system  Provide strength to skeletal system

7.  Low blood calcium level leads to…  Increased secretion of PTH  Further osteoclast activation  Increase in bone matrix breakdown  Calcium transported to bloodstream  Blood-calcium level increase  Ultimately achieving normal BCL

8.  High blood calcium leads to…  Increased secretions in calcitonin (antagonistic hormone)  Reduced or inhibits osteoclast activity  Decrease in bone matrix breakdown  Ultimately achieving normal BCL

9.  Hyperparathyroidism- a disease in which the parathyroid gland secretes too much PTH.  Blood calcium levels soar  Life threatening  Can kill in an average of 20 years

10.  Symptoms  Constipation  Lethargy  Muscle weakness  Muscle spasms  Osteoporosis  Coma  Death

11.  A rare condition in which body secretes low levels of PTH  Low production of PTH ultimately leads to low ionized levels of calcium in blood  Also causes increased levels of phosphorous  Lethal if not treated

12.  Hypocalcemia  Increased neuromuscular irritability  Muscles spasms  Convulsions  Seizures  Tingling sensations  Painful menstruation  death

13.  Hyperparathyroidism is very curable if dealt with correctly  Surgeries are available  Cure rates are usually in the 90-100% range  Hypoparathyroidism is not curable by surgery  Pills and other supplements are available  Patients must take these supplements often times throughout their life

14.  Anthony’s Textbook of Anatomy & Physiology  http://www.parathyroid.com/parathyroid.ht m http://www.parathyroid.com/parathyroid.ht m  http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases- conditions/hypoparathyroidism/basics/definit ion/con-20030780 http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases- conditions/hypoparathyroidism/basics/definit ion/con-20030780  http://www.medicinenet.com/hyperparathyr oidism/article.htm http://www.medicinenet.com/hyperparathyr oidism/article.htm