1. AFRICA - Session 6 South Africa - Part 2 - Animals & Geology

2. SOUTH AFRICA

3. Q&A What does a diamond in the rough look like?

4. SOUTH AFRICA Q&A

5. SOUTH AFRICA Q&A Where was Leakey’s prehistoric, fossil ape skull discovered? (Australopithecus boisei, 1.75 mya) Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania ( Eastern Serengeti Plains at the edge of the Great Rift Valley)

6. Question from last week... mid 1800’s Indians/Asians Indians/Asians Why did Indians come to South Africa in 1800’s? sugar growing areas large Indian population today.....brought over by the British as indentured laborers in sugar plantations, railroads, mines, shipping docks, & domestic service Pietermaritzburg Durban

7. Question from last week... Is Crater of Diamonds State Park in Arkansas a kimberlite pipe?..... it’s called a ‘lamproite’ pipe but geologically it’s very similar to a kimberlite pipe.

8. Question from last week... How hot does it get in the South African gold mines?... at depths of 12,000’, the temperature of the rocks can be 140 degrees!

9. Question from last week... What about the mining of lithium in S. A.? SOME USES: - nuclear weapons - medical uses - telecommunication products - batteries (hybrid & electric vehicles) Lithium pellets (covered in white lithium hydroxide) South Africa mines the mineral Spodumene, which contains the element lithium.

10. AFRICA - Session 6 on with….. South Africa - Part 2 - Animals & Geology

11. SOUTH AFRICA Geology Ecology Ecology Our Travels Course Summary

12. SOUTH AFRICA Geology Ecology Ecology Our Travels Course Summary

13. http://schools.techno.ru/sch518/koridor/geograf //detrab/Tektonika/litosfera2.htm Continental Drift: Last 250 million years Present Day 250 million years ago

14. SOUTH AFRICA

15. Geology 4 Geographical Provinces

16. SOUTH AFRICA Geology MYA - 3800 to 2500 - 67 – present - 200 – 145 - 250 – 67 – 540 – 250 – 540 – Present – 2 – Present

17. SOUTH AFRICA Geology Our Travels Course Summary Ecology Ecology

18. SOUTH AFRICA 28 National Parks (3%) 192 Game/Nature Reserves 15 Wilderness Areas 19 Conservancies/ Game Farms/Forests 6% of Nation! Ecology

19. SOUTH AFRICA Ecology

20. SOUTH AFRICA Ecology

21. KrugerNationalPark

22. SOUTH AFRICA Ecozone Map by Jacana Media  Changed the way I look at National Parks/Reserves  This Map divides the park into ecological zones  Ecozones are usually a function of the geology of the area  Each ecological zone has it’s own plants that grows best in that zone  Each type of plant attracts a different type of animal  Want to see elephants, understand what they eat, see where that grows Ecology

23. SOUTH AFRICA Ecology So, let’s look at the geology of the NP

24. SOUTH AFRICA Ecology

25. SOUTH AFRICA EcologyGranites Basalts Rhyolites

26. SOUTH AFRICA Ecology

27. SOUTH AFRICA Ecology Granite = Woodland

28. SOUTH AFRICA Ecology Basalt = Scrub

29. SOUTH AFRICA Ecology Rhyolite = Mountain

30. SOUTH AFRICA Ecology Conclusion  Geology creates the terrain that will grow certain plants  Those plants will be the preferred food of certain species of animals  Therefore, those animals at that specific location are there because of geology!! Ecology Geology Rocks!

31. SOUTH AFRICA A QUICK KRUGER OVERVIEW  7,500 sq. miles; 220 miles long x 35 mi (avg) wide  54% of S.A. National Parks Acreage  Animal Population: Ecology SpeciesCount SpeciesCount Buffalo, African27,000 Impalas90,000 Bushbucks500 Kudus, Greater5,798 Cheetahs200 Leopards1,000 Dogs, African Hunting350 Lions1,500 Eland, Common300 Rhinoceros, Black350 Elephants11,672 Rhinoceros, White7000 to 12000 Giraffes5,114 Waterbuck5,000 Hippopotamus3,000 Wildebeest, Blue9,612 Hyenas, Spotted2,000 Zebras, Burchell's17,797 SpeciesCount SpeciesCount Impalas90,000 Hippopotamus3,000 Buffalo, African27,000 Hyenas, Spotted2,000 Zebras, Burchell's17,797 Lions1,500 Elephants11,672 Leopards1,000 Wildebeest, Blue9,612 Bushbucks500 Rhinoceros, White7000 to 12000 Rhinoceros, Black350 Kudus, Greater5,798 Dogs, African Hunting350 Giraffes5,114 Eland, Common300 Waterbuck5,000 Cheetahs200

32. SOUTH AFRICA Geology Ecology Ecology Course Summary Our Travels

33. SOUTH AFRICA Cape Town Cedarberg Wilderness 1 month in Namibia Johannesburg mine, archeology Addo Elephant Park Drakensberg Nat’l Park St. Lucia Wetlands SwaziLand Tsitsikamma Na’tl parK Na’tl parK Garden Route Augrabies Falls Nat’l Park Blyde River Canyon our travel route last week.... this week... Kruger Nat’l Park nuclear power plant West Coast Nat’l Pk Travels Kimberley diamond mine Knysna

34. SOUTH AFRICA Cape Town Cedarberg Wilderness 1 month in Namibia Johannesburg mine, archeology Addo Elephant Park Drakensberg Nat’l Park St. Lucia Wetlands SwaziLand Tsitsikamma Na’tl parK Na’tl parK Garden Route Augrabies Falls Nat’l Park Blyde River Canyon our travel route last week.... this week... Kruger Nat’l Park nuclear power plant West Coast Nat’l Pk Travels Kimberley diamond mine Knysna ACCOMMODATIONS Hotels………… 3% B&B/Lodge /Friends…….. 53% Camping…….. 43%

35. SOUTH AFRICA TravelsPillows/Sheets Household Supplies Kitchen Supplies Wine Kerosene Lanterns Portable BBQ Pit charcoal Dry Foods

36. SOUTH AFRICA Travels On to Accommodations !

37. SOUTH AFRICA Travels Kruger – Latava Camp Kruger – Olifants Camp Kruger – Satara Camp BBQ on the CHEAP!

38. SOUTH AFRICA Travels Kruger – Latava Camp Kruger – Olifants Camp Kruger – Satara Camp Kruger – Skakuza Camp Large family camp Kruger – Skakuza Camp Kruger – Lower Sabie Camp Cedarbergs Conservancy (near West Coast NP) B&B in Port Elizabeth B&B in Pietermaritzburg Drakensbergs NP – Didima Camp On to some of our experiences

39. SOUTH AFRICA Travels Swaziland Rest Stop Swaziland’s Milawane Camp Unexpected Luncheon Guest!

40. SOUTH AFRICA Travels St. Lucia Wetlands NP

41. SOUTH AFRICA Travels

42. Fish Eagle B&B, Knysa (Garden Route) SOUTH AFRICA Travels

43. West Coast National Park SOUTH AFRICA Travels

44. Tsitsakama National Park (on the Garden Route) SOUTH AFRICA Travels

45. SOUTH AFRICA Geology Ecology Ecology Our Travels Course Summary

46. So, in summary... did we find geologic treasures? in BOTSWANA? in ANGOLA ? in NAMIBIA ? in SOUTH AFRICA?

47. Topographic indications of faulting causing ….water to accumulate between faults in Botswana Remember... the faults on Don’s topographic map of southern Africa? creating the TREASURE of the Okavango Delta!

48. Nile River Congo River Limpopo River causing …. sand & mud deposits at the river mouths Remember... the major river deltas on Don’s geologic map? creating the TREASURE of Angolan oil!

49. causing …. magma/lava to flow to the earth’s surface Remember... Don’s diagrams of the kimberlite pipes? creating the TREASURE of Namibian diamonds!

50. Copper Tin Iron Coal Oil Remember... Don’s geologic map of the rocks in Africa? creating the mineral TREASURES of South Africa causing …. different natural resources in each rock type

51. Yes, we found geologic treasures! Yes, we found geologic treasures! BOTSWANA ANGOLA SOUTH AFRICA NAMIBIA So... what’s the future for southern Africa?

52. So... what’s the future for So... what’s the future for southern Africa? southern Africa?STRENGTHS POSSIBLE WEAKNESS - lack of visionary leadership -significant mineral resources – COAL, IRON, URANIUM - temperate zone –all major civilizations develop here - river system creating significant arable land - diverse, literate population - non-tribal religions open to new ideas - strong work ethic - revenues from diverse tourism/industry

53. Next Fall... California Washington Yukon Alaska Oregon British Columbia Vagabonds Tramping through Geology: - AUSTIN to the ARCTIC- civilizations & commerce, continents & coastlines, craters & canyons, rivers & ranges Texas geology creates them all!

54. Thanks to our ‘behind the scenes’ support Vivian, Lynn, Aubrey

55. Thanks for the memories! See you in the Fall... Geology Rocks!

56. REFERENCES 56 Google Earth http://www.krugersafari.com/ http://www.krugerpark.co.za/ http://www.pathfindersafrica.com/wildlife-courses/field-guide/ http://www.southafrica-travel.net/pages/e_geolog.htm http://www.southafrica-travel.net/Parks/e_lucia.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregion http://www.sa-venues.com/accommodation/nc_game_lodges.htm http://www.kruger2canyons.com/home/index.php http://www.ecotravel.co.za/south-african/wildlife-guides/ecology.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecozone http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_land_classification http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biome http://www.ecotravel.co.za/south-african/travel-guides/game-nature- reserves.htm http://www.ecotravel.co.za/Guides/Reserves/KNP/Kruger_National_Park_In tro.htm http://www.ecotravel.co.za/Guides/Reserves/KNP/Kruger_National_Park_A dventures.htm http://www.ecotravel.co.za/plant-kingdom/grasses/grasslands-ecology.htm http://www.ecotravel.co.za/Savannah.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_industry_of_South_Africa http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Leakey http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crater_of_Diamonds_State_Park http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamproite http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rock_types http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyolite http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_National_Park http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Biosphere_reserves_of_South_Af rica http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruger_to_Canyons_Biosphere http://www.krugerpark.co.za/Maps_of_Kruger_Park-travel/kruger- national-park-main-map.html http://www.worldagroforestry.org/units/Library/Books/PDFs/07_Agrof orestry_a_decade_of_development.pdf

63. SOUTH AFRICA Ecology  2001 the Greater Kruger bioregion, called the “Kruger to Canyons” (K2C) Biosphere Reserve was recognized by UNESCO  411th Biosphere Reserve site to be registered  Biosphere Reserves are designated internationally important ecosystems  18,500 sq miles protected Double check this map; convert ha to acres/sq mi