1. By: Chris Kennedy, Phil Lagger , Jon Lockie, Chad Pietkowski and Joe Wcislak
Campus Bridge Project

2. FHWA Definition of a Bridge
Any Highway bridge, including supports, with a clear span of 20 feet or great measured along centerline of roadway.
ODOT’s requirements are more strict
Any highway bridge, including supports, with a clear span of 10 feet or greater measured along centerline of roadway

3. ODOT Inspection Frequency
Purpose is to document physical and functional conditions of the bridge
Any changes, physical and inventory, that have occurred since prior inspection
Identify existing problems and future concerns
Identify need or revision to weight restriction on the bridge
Identify the need for monitoring of any portion of the bridge

4. Why inspect campus bridges?
No federal funding was given for construction or maintenance of campus bridges.
No records of being inspected.
Not in the Ohio bridge inventory because they are privately owned and not required to be inspected.
3 out of the 5 bridges were designed and built in the 60’s early 70’s

5. Campus Map

6. Campus Map

7. West Road Bridge

8. West Road Bridge

9. West Road Bridge (1991)

10. Arts Bridge

11. Arts Bridge

12. Arts Bridge (2004)

13. Library Bridge

14. Library Bridge

15. Library Bridge (1964)

16. Stadium Drive Bridge

17. Stadium Drive

18. Stadium Drive Bridge (1961)

19. Savage Bridge

20. Savage Bridge

21. Savage Bridge (1975)

22. Inspection Tools Piece of rebar (3 - 4 feet long) Brick hammer
Flash light
Ladder
Safety vests
Hardhats
Cones
ODOT BR-86 Inspection Form

24. How Bridges are Rated? Used the ODOT rating system.
ODOT uses the numbers 1-4 to rate individual items of the bridge. This does not include Summary Items, general appraisal and the live load response.
1. Good Condition – No repair required.
2. Fair Condition – Minor deficiency, item still functioning as designed.
3. Poor Condition – Major deficiency, item in need of repair to continue functioning as designed.
4. Critical Condition – Item no longer functioning as designed.

25. How Bridges are Rated?
The following codes are used for the summary and general appraisal sections.
9. Excellent condition
8. Very good condition
7. Good condition
6. Satisfactory condition
5. Fair condition
4. Poor condition
3. Serious condition
2. Critical condition
1. "Imminent" failure condition
0. Failed condition

26. What is inspected? Deck Superstructure Substructure Channel Approaches
General
Is it functioning as designed?

27. Deck
The primary function of the bridge deck is to provide a smooth riding surface and to transmit the wheel loads to the supporting members.
Item 1 – Floor (Concrete or Timber)
Item 2 – Wearing Surface
Item 3 – Curbs, Sidewalks, Walkways
Item 4 – Median (Omitted)
Item 5 – Railing
Item 6 – Drainage
Item 7 – Expansion Joints
Item 8 – Deck Summary

28. Superstructure
The superstructure is the entire portion of a bridge above the abutment and pier seats, excluding the deck.
The superstructure transmits the deck loads to the substructure.
The superstructure and the substructure are generally the two most important aspects of the bridge.

29. Superstructure Item 9 – Alignment
Item 10 – Beams/Girders or Concrete Slab
Item 11 – Diaphragms or Cross Frames
Items (12,13,14) – Floor System Items
Items (15-23) – Truss Type Bridges (1 on campus)
Item 24 – Bearing Devices

30. Superstructure Items (25,26,27) – Arch Type Bridge (Omitted)
Item 28 – Protective Coating System (PCS)
Item 29 – Pins, Hangers, Hinges
Item 30 – Fatigue Prone Connections
Item 31 – Live Load Response (Excessive, Satisfactory)
Item 32 – Superstructure Summary

31. Substructure
The substructure is that portion of the bridge below the pier and abutment seats, including footers and piling.
The substructure transmits the loads and stresses from the deck, superstructure, or other load supporting system, to the ground.

32. Substructure
All exposed or readily accessible portions of the substructure will be inspected at close range.
Underwater investigation will be done to assure that scour and undermining is not threatening the bridge.
This will consist of probing in relatively shallow water and diving in deeper water.

33. Substructure Item 33 – Abutments Item 34 – Abutment Seats
Item 35 – Piers
Item 36 – Pier Seats
Item 37 – Backwall
Item 38 – Wingwalls
Item 39 – Fenders and Dolphins (Omitted)
Item 40 – Scour
Item 41 – Slope Protection
Item 42 – Substructure Summary

34. Channel
This item describes the physical conditions associated with the flow of water through the bridge such as stream stability and the condition of the channel, riprap, and slope protection.
Inspect the channel 100 ft upstream.
Item 51 – Alignment
Item 52 – Protection
Item 53 – Waterway Adequacy
Item 54 – Channel Summary

35. Approaches
A smooth transition between the roadway pavement and the bridge deck is important for the reduction of impact forces acting upon the bridge and for driving safety.
Item 55 – Pavement
Item 56 – Approach Slabs
Item 57 – Guardrail
Item 58 – Relief Joints
Item 59 – Embankment
Item 60 – Approach Summary

36. General Section
Items in this section are of a general nature and do not relate to specific bridge elements.
Item 61 – Navigation Lights (Omitted)
Item 62 – Warning Signs
Item 63 – Sign Supports
Item 64 – Utilities
Item 65 – Vertical Clearance (Omitted)
Item 66 – General Appraisal and Operational Status
This is a two part item. The first box is for coding the general, overall condition of the bridge.
The second box is for coding the operational status of the bridge.

37. General Appraisal 9. As built condition
8. Very good condition - no problems noted.
7. Good condition - some minor problems.
6. Satisfactory condition - structural elements show some minor deterioration.

38. General Appraisal
5. Fair condition - all primary structural elements are sound, but may have minor section loss, cracking, or spalling. Secondary elements may have significant deterioration.
4. Poor condition - advanced section loss, deterioration, or spalling.
3. Serious condition - loss of section, deterioration, or spalling have seriously affected primary structural components. Local failures or cracks in concrete or both may be present.

39. General Appraisal
2. Critical condition - advanced deterioration of primary structural elements. Fatigue cracks in steel or shear cracks in concrete may be present. Bridge should be closed or closely monitored, until corrective action is taken.
1. "Imminent" failure condition - major deterioration or section loss present structural components. Bridge is closed to traffic but corrective action may put back in light service.
0. Failed condition - out of service - beyond corrective action.

40. Operational Status "A" Open, no restriction
"B" Open, posting recommended but not legally implemented (all signs not in place)
“C” Under construction, half of the existing bridge is open to traffic (half-width construction)
"D" Open, would be posted or closed except for temporary shoring, etc. to allow for unrestricted traffic
"E" Open, temporary structure in place to carry legal loads while original structure is closed and awaiting replacement or rehabilitation.

41. Operational Status "G" New structure not yet open to traffic
"K" Bridge closed to all traffic
"P" Posted for load-carrying capacity restriction (may include other restrictions)
"R" Posted for other than load-carrying capacity restriction (speed, number of vehicles on bridge, etc.).
"X" Bridge closed for reasons other than condition or load-carrying capacity.

42. Bridge Ratings
This is a comparison summary of each bridge and their individual components.
West Road
Arts Ped
Library Ped
Stadium Drive
Savage Ped
Deck
Floor 2 1
Wearing Surface
Curbs, Sidewalks
Railing 3
Drainage
Expansion Joints
SUMMARY 6 8 7 5

43. Bridge Ratings West Road Arts Ped Library Ped Stadium Drive Savage Ped
Superstructure
Alignment 2 1
Beams/Girders/Slabs
Diaphragms or Cross Frames
Floor Beams
Floor Beam Connections
Verticals
Diagonals
End Posts
Top Chord
Lower Chord
Sway Bracing
Portals
Bearing Devices
Protective Coating System 8 9 5 4
Pins/Hangers/Hinges
Fatigue Prone Connections
Live Load Response S
SUMMARY 6

44. Bridge Ratings West Road Arts Ped Library Ped Stadium Drive Savage Ped
Substructure
Abutments 1 2
Abutment Seats
Piers
Pier Seats 3
Backwalls
Wingwalls
Scour
Slope Protection
SUMMARY 6 9 5

45. Bridge Ratings West Road Arts Ped Library Ped Stadium Drive Savage Ped
Channel
Alignment 2 1
Protection
Waterway Adequacy
SUMMARY 7 8
Approaches
Pavement
Approach Slabs
Guardrail
Embankment
General
Utilities
Vertical Clearance N

46. Bridge Ratings Overall summary rating of the individual bridges.
Shows the final rating and operational status.
West Road
Arts Ped
Library Ped
Stadium Drive
Savage Ped
GENERAL APPRAISAL & STATUS 7 A 8 6 4

47. Deck Deterioration Rebar showing in deck Top coat pealing off
Hollow spot at mid span of deck
Savage Bridge
West Road

48. Expansion Joints Rust and deterioration on joints
Leaking expansion joints
West Road
Stadium Drive

49. Pitting and Rusting of Steal Members
Pitting was found on all the bridges from being in contact with the river during heavy rainfall.
Savage Bridge
Library Bridge

50. Cast in place steel forms
Used to support the concrete during construction
No structural support added
Not ideal for climate of area
Savage Bridge
Library Bridge

51. Pier Deterioration Exposed rebar in the piers Concrete sheared off
Concrete spalling
Savage Bridge
Savage Bridge

52. Rehabilitation Techniques
Concrete Jacketing- pour concrete around the member to be strengthened with additional steel reinforcement.
Time Consuming
Adhesion is an issue
Cost
#4-6 ft rebar= $ 7.30
Form= $2/ft2
Concrete= $80-$100/cu yd

53. Rehabilitation Techniques
Sprayed Concrete- pneumatically projecting concrete on wire mesh
Useful for large areas
Very messy and costly
Cost
Wire mesh=$6.25/ft2
Concrete= $500/yd3

54. Rehabilitation Techniques
Aggregate slab jacking- pump grout into washed areas with anchored reinforcement.
Dense mix with good surface finish.
Aesthetically pleasing.
Cost
Concrete= $80-$100/cu yd
Wire mesh=$6.25/ft2
#4-6 ft rebar= $ 7.30

55. Rehabilitation Techniques
Steel Plate Bonding- externally bonded steel plates that are anchored to the concrete section.
Hard to lift and fabrication is unique to each section
Prone to corrosion over time
Improves moment of inertia (stiffness) of member
Cost
4’ x 4’ x 1/2” steel plate = $439.04

56. Rehabilitation Techniques
Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP)- high tensile fibers in a desired direction in a specialty resin matrix.
Can be enhanced as required for each application.
Quick, neat, effective
Much testing required.
Cost
$50/ft2

57. Rehabilitation Techniques
Deck Replacement- modular deck of reinforced concrete slab with unfilled steel grid.
Can be precast
35-50% less weight than reinforced concrete deck.
Quick application
Cost
Traditional Concrete
Slab = $55/sq ft.
FRP Slab = $108 sq/ft.

58. Rehabilitation Techniques
Fiber reinforced polymer composites (FRP)- high tensile fibers in a desired direction in a specialty resin matrix.
Strips can be applied to the underside of the deck to give strength.
Increase the moment of
inertia in a member.
Easy to apply
Cost
$50/ft2

59. Rehabilitation Techniques
Neoprene Compression Seals- Expansion replacement
Watertight seal
Cheap and easy to install
Require continual maintenance
Cost –

60. Rehabilitation Techniques
Fabricated steel plate expansion joints
Interlocking steel plates to allow bridge movement while maintaining smooth roadway.
Long-term fix
Holds up to weather
Not much maintenance
required
Cost-

61. Savage Bridge Proposal
Aggregate grouting around wire mesh to fill in eroded concrete in column.
Aesthetically pleasing
Cheap and easy
Cost-
Concrete
Wire Mesh
Labor
Equipment
Cost
$85/yd3
$6.25/ft2
$50/hr
$450
Amount Needed
2 yd3
12 ft2
40 hr 1
Total
$170
$75
$2,000
TOTAL
$2,695

62. Stadium Dr. Bridge Proposal
Sprayed concrete over wire mesh applied to underside of deck near north abutment wall
Replace north expansion joint with fabricated steel plate expansion joints
Cost-
Sprayed Concrete
Wire Mesh
Expansion Joint
Labor
Equipment
Cost
$500/yd3
$6.25/ft2
$3,200
$50/hr
$900
Amount Needed
4 yd3
75 ft2 1
80 hr
Total
$2,000
$468.75
$4,000
TOTAL
$9,568.75

63. Library Bridge Proposal
Remove stay-in-place form to check deck.
If deck is bad- replace with precast modular deck
Cut back trees that hang over the bridge
Help to reduce clogged drain on deck
Cost-
Labor
Equipment
Cost
$50/hr
$300
Amount Needed
10 hr 1
Total
$500
TOTAL
$800

64. Arts Bridge Proposal Only 6 years old
In good shape
No repairs necessary at the moment
Continue to monitor

65. West Rd. Bridge Proposal
Adhere fiber reinforced polymer
sheets to underside of deck where
cracked
Improve strength and moment of
inertia in member
Replace south expansion joint
with fabricated steel plate
expansion joints
Cost-
FRP Composite
Expansion Joint
Labor
Equipment
Cost
$110/lb
$3,200
$50/hr
$1,000
Amount Needed 50 1
300
Total
$5,500
$15,000
TOTAL
$24,700.00

66. Conclusions All the bridges are structurally sound.
Repair suggestions were mostly for aesthetic appeal and minor strengthening.
All the bridges need to be professionally inspected and evaluated.
An inspection program needs to be in place and enforced by the University to monitor the problem areas we found.
We recommend a bi-annual inspection program.

67. References www.dsbrown.com
ODOT bridge Inspection Manual 1991.
Joan Cherry’s PPT on ODOT bridge inspection
For deck replacement:
For rebar prices:
For concrete price: