1. Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 By Sheryl Heichel

2. What is Type 1 Diabetes?  Type 1 diabetes, also referred to as juvenile diabetes, is a disease in which the pancreas does not secrete insulin.  The exact cause is unknown, but thought to have genetic and environmental factors.  Most often occurs in childhood, but can also develop late 30's and early 40's.

3. Pathophysiology  Caused by autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.  Hyperglycemia presents after the majority of cells are destroyed and then diabetes can be diagnosed.

4. Pathophysiology Continued  In 85% of cases, the individual has islet cell antibodies present; glutamic acid decarboxylase is the enzyme most commonly targeted by these antibodies.  Type 1 diabetes is often found in those already suffering from an autoimmune disease.

6. Signs and Symptoms  Diagnosed through a blood or ketone test. Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, increased blood and urine glucose and ketones. Left untreated it can be fatal.  Hypoglycemia : seizures, hunger, fainting, weakness, coma.  Hyperglycemia: increased thirst and urination, ketoacidosis(vomiting, dry skin, abdominal pain, rapid breathing), coma, organ damage.

8. Treatment  Insulin must be used to process the glucose from meals and normalize protein and lipid metabolism. Injections or pumps are used.  Types of insulin: Rapid-acting: works about 15 minutes after injecting; works for 2-4 hours Regular or short acting: ~30 after injecting; works for 3-6 hours Intermediate-acting: 2 to 4 hours after injecting; works for 12-18 hours Long-acting: takes several hours but keeps levels even over a day

10. References  American Diabetes Association, A. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.diabetes.org/living-with- diabetes/treatment-and- care/medication/insulin/insulin-routines.htmlhttp://www.diabetes.org/living-with- diabetes/treatment-and- care/medication/insulin/insulin-routines.html  American Diabetes Association. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.diabetes.org/living-with- diabetes/treatment-and- care/medication/insulin/insulin-basics.html http://www.diabetes.org/living-with- diabetes/treatment-and- care/medication/insulin/insulin-basics.html  Smerte Retrieved from http://www.smerete.com/what-is-type-1-diabetes- know-your-diabetic-conditions/ http://www.smerete.com/what-is-type-1-diabetes- know-your-diabetic-conditions/  Tortora, Gerard J., and Bryan Derrickson. Principles of Anatomy & Physiology. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2012. Print.