1. Bacteria and Disease
Anthrax

2. Kingdoms of Life

3. Archaebacteria
Found in harsh environments (undersea volcanic vents, acidic hot springs, salty water)

4. Eubacteria true bacteria
･Most bacteria are in
this kingdom
･Three basic shapes
cocci (spheres)
bacilli (rod shaped)
spirilla (corkscrew)

5. Eukaryotic Cells
                                                            
Animal cell

6. Plant cell

7. Prokaryotic Cells

8. Bacteria

9. Notice the lack of
Nucleus and
Organelles

10. Parts of Bacteria
Plasmid - contains some genes obtained through genetic recombination
Capsule – a gel-like layer located on the outside of the cell wall
Cell wall - Protects the cell and gives it shape

11. Parts of Bacteria cont.
Endospores – a spore (seed) created by the bacteria if harsh conditions occur. It can germinate years later when conditions are good again
Pili – are used by bacteria to adhere to other surfaces and in some cases to share DNA with another bacterial cell (conjugation)

12. Gram Staining ･Developed in 1884 by Danish microbiologist, Hans Gram
Bacteria are stained purple with Crystal Violet & iodine
Rinsed with alcohol to decolorize; then restained with Safranin (red dye)
Bacterial walls stain either purple or reddish pink

15. Gram Positive Bacteria (Gram+)
Stain purple
Include lactobacilli (used to make yogurt), streptococcus (strep throat) and botulism (food poisoning)
Can be treated with penicillin (antibiotics) and sulfa drugs

16. Gram stain positive Bacillus anthracis (purple rods) in cerebrospinal fluid. The other cells are white blood cells.

17. Gram Negative Bacteria (Gram -)
Stain pink or reddish
Lipid layer prevents purple stain and antibiotics from entering (antibiotic resistant)
Rhizobacteria grow in the roots of legumes and fix nitrogen from air for plants
Examples include E. coli and Salmonella
Cause Lyme disease, syphillis and Rocky Mountain spotted fever (from ticks)
Lysozyme with EDTA (acid) can be used in medicines to combat these bacteria

18. Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Gram negative

19. Types of Bacteria
Bacilli = rod shaped

20. Cocci = round

21. Spirilli = spiral shaped

22. Bacilli - rod shaped

23. Diseases Black Plague AGENT VECTOR (pathogen) (Carries pathogen)
HOST (becomes sick)

24. Disease Triangle
(you)
(Vector)

25. How do Bacteria cause disease?
They metabolize their host
Bacteria can secrete enzymes that break down the tissue they are living on and then they absorb the nutrients
example – Mycobacterium tuberculosis
causes TB
Bacteria can secrete toxins into their environment
Clostridium botulinum – causes food poisoning
E. coli – causes food poisoning

26. Staph infections

27. Caused by Staphylococcus aureus

28. Syphilis
A spirilli bacterium

30. Treatment of Bacterial Infections
Antibiotics
-these are chemicals that interfere with cellular processes of bacteria
- created by other living organisms naturally
- do not work on viruses because they do not have cellular processes to disrupt

31. Importance of Bacteria
Food and Chemical production

32. Mining and Environmental uses
Farmers use crop rotation with legumes which allows bacteria to add nitrogen back to the soil
Some bacteria metabolize oils and help clean up oil spills