1. Small Wind Energy Appalachian State University Affordable, Clean Energy for Homes, Farms & Businesses

2. Small Wind Energy Appalachian State University Small Wind Introduction Beech Mountain R&D Site Wind Resource Assessment

3. Small Wind Intro

4. Why Wind? Renewable Clean Widely available Produced locally Reduced price volatility Allows energy independence SUSTAINABLE!

5. A Valuable, Widely-Available Resource Small Wind Energy Systems Value of Power = 6-18¢ / kWh Installed cost of $2-$3/Watt is 1/3 to 1/2 that of solar technologies Require less wind to operate than utility-scale wind energy applications

6. Factors to Consider Good wind resource: Class 2 or better Home or business located on 1 acre or more of land (depending on site) Average monthly electricity bills >$100 for 10 kW system, >$50 for 5 kW system Zoning restrictions, economic incentives

7. Utility-Scale Wind Power 600 - 1,800 kW wind turbines – Installed on wind farms, 10 – 300 MW – Professional maintenance crews – 13 mph (6 m/s) average wind speed Small Wind Power 300 W - 250 kW wind turbines – Installed at individual homes, farms, businesses, schools, etc. – On the “customer side” of the meter, or off the utility grid entirely – High reliability, low maintenance – 9 mph (4 m/s) average wind speed Small Wind Turbines Are Different 1,500 kW 10 kW

8. Small Wind Turbines Bergey EXCEL, 10 kW Configuration: 2 or 3 blades aimed into the wind by the tail Blades: Fiber-reinforced plastics Over-Speed Protection: Furling (rotor turns out of the wind), no brakes Generator: Direct-drive, permanent magnet alternator (no brushes), 3-phase AC, variable-speed operation Controller: Electronic device that delivers - DC power for charging batteries - AC power for utility interconnection Result: – Simple, rugged design – Only 2–4 moving parts – Little regular maintenance required

9. Small Wind Turbine Towers Guyed Tower Tilt-Up Tower Self-Supporting Tower

10. Over-Speed Protection During High Winds Upward Furling: The rotor tilts back during high winds

11. Over-Speed Protection During High Winds Angle Governor: The rotor turns up and to one sideGovernor Or do a 360 degree spin out, from commentator Jeff Lauckhart….Or do a 360 degree spin out, from commentator Jeff Lauckhart….

12. The Small Wind Market

13. Southwest Windpower Flagstaff, Arizonawww.windenergy.com AIR-X 400 W Whisper H40 900 W Whisper H80 1000 W Whisper 175 3 kW

14. BWC Excel 10 kW Bergey Windpower Norman, Oklahomawww.bergey.com 1 kW

15. African Windpower Abundant Renewable Energy, Newberg, Oregon www.abundantre.com AWP3.6 1 kW

16. Proven Engineering Products, Ltd. Scotland, United Kingdomwww.provenenergy.com WT600 600 W WT2500 2.5 kW WT6000 6 kW

17. Wind Turbine Industries, Inc. Prior Lake, Minnesotawww.windturbine.net Jacobs 31-20 20 kW

18. Atlantic Orient Corp. Norwich, Vermontwww.aocwind.net AOC 15/50 50 kW

19. Fuhrländer Lorax Energy Systems, Rhode Island www.lorax-energy.com FL 30 30 kW FL 100 100 kW FL 250 250 kW

20. Aeromax Aeromax Incorporated Chino Valley, AZ www.aeromaxenergy.com OB1KW Coming soon Lakota 900 W Lakota M1 900 W

21. …or Build Your Own Turbine www.scoraigwind.com www.scoraigwind.com

22. Types of Systems

23. Options: On or Off the Grid? Stand-Alone System Batteries to store excess power Charge controller Inverter (DC to AC) Back-up power source for complete energy independence Grid-Connected System Inverter (DC to AC) Annual wind speed >10 mph (4.5 m/s) Customer motivated by high utility prices, self sufficiency, or environmental concerns

24. Connecting to the Grid PURPA requires utilities to connect with and purchase power from small wind systems Utility acts as a big “battery bank” Safety - Must stop supplying power to grid during power outages Power Quality - Must match utility’s voltage, frequency, and quality

25. Supplementing Grid Power Connected to utility grid through house/farm wiring 3 kW, 15-ft rotor, 23-ft tower* Produces ~ 5,000 kWh/yr Offsets ~ 3.8 tons CO 2 /yr Costs ~ $10,000 * due to zoning restrictions (not recommended) Typical Applications Farms, Homes, Businesses Off-Grid Water Pumping with Wind Produces ~ 2,000 kWh/yr Offsets ~ 1.5 tons CO 2 /yr Costs ~ $4,000 installed Supplies water for 120 head of cattle 1 kW, 9-ft rotor, 30-ft tower

26. Hybrid Systems

27. Solar and Wind Resources are Complimentary Hours of sunshine/month 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec Hours of sunshine or average wind power (Watts/m 2 ) Average wind power Data from SE Iowa 02770324 Hours of Sunshine

28. The Effect of Seasons on Hybrid Power Systems 02770322 PV modules and wind turbine (no generation) Battery (storage) Loads (utilization) PV modules and wind turbine (active generation) Summer Winter Battery (storage) Loads (utilization)

29. SWI Research & Demonstration Site Beech Mountain, NC

30. www.wind.appstate.edu

31. SWI Research & Demonstration Site Beech Mountain, NC Research Acoustic Power Curve Energy Workshops Intro/tours Wind assessment Experts Installations Demonstration Students Public Always open www.wind.appstate.edu

32. SWI Research & Demonstration Site Beech Mountain, NC Problem Solving Tower raising Grid connection Hurricanes Configuration www.wind.appstate.edu

33. SWI Research & Demonstration Site Beech Mountain, NC (class 5) www.wind.appstate.edu SWWP AirX 400W 33 kWh/mon SWWP Whisper H40 900W 155 kWh/mo Bergey XL.1 1000W 185 kWh/mo African AWP3.6 1500W 362 kWh/mo SWWP Whisper 175 3000W 697 kWh/mo Jacobs 31-20 20kW 3991 kWh/mo

34. Wind Resource Assessment

35. The United States Wind Map

36. North Carolina

37. The North Carolina Wind Map

38. Watauga County

39. Initial Site Assessment Flagging of vegetation Open view to prominent wind direction Hill or ridge perpendicular to prominent wind direction Funneling effects

40. Importance of “Micro-Siting”

41. Measuring Devices and Parameters Anemometer –Best indication of energy production –Indicator of turbulence –Provide information on wind shear Wind Vane –Wind rose –Siting Temp Sensor –Identify icing events –Air density Barometric Pressure –Air Density Pyranometer –Effectiveness of hybrid system

42. Estimation of Annual Energy Production Power Curve Frequency of Occurrence (Rayleigh Distribution) Annual Energy Production

43. SWI Anemometer Loan Program

44. www.wind.appstate.edu

45. SWI Anemometer Loan Program www.wind.appstate.edu Four systems Application process ―15 this year One year Final Report Small wind information

46. Thanks, For More Information www.wind.appstate.eduwww.wind.appstate.eduwww.wind.appstate.edu www.homepower.comwww.homepower.comwww.homepower.com www.nrel.gov/windwww.nrel.gov/windwww.nrel.gov/wind www.awea.org/smallwind.htmlwww.awea.org/smallwind.htmlwww.awea.org/smallwind.html www.eren.doe.gov/erec/factsheets/win d.htmlwww.eren.doe.gov/erec/factsheets/win d.htmlwww.eren.doe.gov/erec/factsheets/win d.htmlwww.eren.doe.gov/erec/factsheets/win d.html