1. In full sentences on your index card; list three (3) differences between 9 th and 12 th graders. Do Now:

2. How would you prove it!

3. Objective: How is Experimentation Used in Psychology? Experimental psychology is an area of psychology that utilizes scientific methods to research the mind and behavior. In the past, psychological experimentation has been controversial due to unethical experiments. It is now strictly regulated by the American Psychological Association (APA). DO NOW: Write Down Objective (Focus) in your notes.

4. We are going to play a short game. Is everyone ready to play? If so raise your hand. Is everyone comfortable? Turn your index card over and put your answers on there

5. Look at the list of words below for one minute. Memorize as many words as you can in this amount of time. NineSwapCellRingRust PlugsLampAppleTableSway ArmyBankFireHoldWorm ClockHorseColorBabySword DeskHoldFindBirdRock HorseCatDogFishBird OrangeYellowBlueGreenBlack TableChairDeskBookcaseBed TeacherSchoolStudentHomeworkClass AppleBananaKiwiGrapeMango Good Job! (a little positive reinforcement ), now same thing with these.

6. Please sign your index card and hand up your answers and put them in the box so I can lock them up. Experimental Psychologist George A. Miller says the typical storage capacity for short-term memory is seven to five items. However, strategies such as chunking can significantly based on category, can increase memorization and recall and people remember more words. Who got 7 or more the first time? Who got at least 5? Who got less? Who got more the second time?

7. In dealing with human subjects, psychologists follow a code of ethical principles published by the A.P.A. obtain informed consent from all subjects protect subjects from harm and discomfort treat all experimental data confidentially explain the experiment and the results to the subjects afterward Prior to 1970 – this wasn’t always followed. In dealing with human subjects, psychologists follow a code of ethical principles published by the A.P.A. obtain informed consent from all subjects protect subjects from harm and discomfort treat all experimental data confidentially explain the experiment and the results to the subjects afterward Prior to 1970 – this wasn’t always followed. What are Ethics? The American Psychological Association 1992

8. How do we use the Scientific Method in Psychological Research? Hypothesis: Statement of expected results Subjects chosen Subjects divided up Experimental Group (get the experiment) Control Group (do not get the experiment) Variables: Factors that change in an experiment

9. How to tell the difference between variables Independent Variable IF A request is made by a person in a uniform Dependent Variable THEN More people will reply to this request

10. Group on which critical part of experiment is performed This group gets the real sleeping pills

11. What is the Control Group? Control Group Subjects who are just like the experimental group except will not participate in the study This group will receive a placebo A Placebo is a medicine that has no active ingredients and works by power of suggestion

12. What is a Control? Examples: Subject with cold, on medication, etc. Something that could skew results Experimental Subjects removed

13. Dependent Variable What results from the experimenter manipulating the independent variable Ex. Better sleep, less sleep, etc. Subjects Two groups of people in similar health, same age, similar sleep issues Control Removal of factors that may prove hypothesis – but would alter results. Older people, people with colds, on other medication, etc. Independent Variable (The variable the experimenter changes) Experimenter gives one group real sleeping pills and one group placebos Hypothesis 2 of my newly developed sleeping pills will help people with insomnia Don’t write…you will have this as a handout

14. What is a double-blind study? Patient’s expectations Wondering which group gets real drug Subject Researcher interprets results Knowing who got the real drug can impact objectivity Researcher Patient doesn’t know Researcher doesn’t know Accurate Results

15. Are researchers responsible for their subjects – even if they volunteer for an experiment? Reading: Stanley Milgram Experiment Stanford Prison Experiment

16. 1. What is a hypothesis?

17. 2. What part of an experiment is the Independent Variable?

18. 3. What part of the experiment is the Dependent Variable?

19. 4. What is the experimental group?

20. 5. What is a control group?

21. 6. When would you use a control?

22. 7. What is a placebo and what is its purpose?

23. 8. What are some ethics psychologists must follow in experimentation?

24. Has anyone ever asked you to participate in a research study? Answer survey questions? (Phone, mall, school, online, etc.) What was it about?

25. Experiments: Harlow’s MonkeysHarlow’s Monkeys In subsequent experiments, Harlow’s monkeys proved that “better late than never” was not a slogan applicable to attachment. When Harlow placed his subjects in total isolation for the first eights months of life, denying them contact with other infants or with either type of surrogate mother, they were permanently damaged. Harlow and his colleagues repeated these experiments, subjecting infant monkeys to varied periods of motherlessness. They concluded that the impact of early maternal deprivation could be reversed in monkeys only if it had lasted less than 90 days, and estimated that the equivalent for humans was six months. After these critical periods, no amount of exposure to mothers or peers could alter the monkeys’ abnormal behaviors and make up for the emotional damage that had already occurred.

26. Primetime Live Milgram Revisted Stanford Prison Experiment Abu Ghraib McDonalds (2003)

27. Reading : Little Albert Experiment Whatever happened to Little Albert?

28. 1. What was the Stanley Milgram Study? 2. What was the major outcome? 3. What was the most common answer subjects gave for “following authority”? 4. Why didn’t the Stanford Prison subjects leave the experiment? 5. What happens to Harlow’s monkeys as time goes on? 6. How can this be compared to R.A.D.? 7. Years after these experiments – incidents still occur. Like what ?

29. What types of Research Studies are Used in Psychology? Objective: There are a variety of ways to conduct psychological experiments. Some are good for one thing, but not for another. There are always pros/cons to each type. Certain types of studies are: Case Studies, Longitudinal Studies, Cross Sectional Studies, Naturalistic Observation, Lab Studies, Field Studies. There will often be common pitfalls to each type. Write down in notes as focus.

30. Cross Sectional Studies Random sample of population May not truly measure generational issues Case Study Detailed information Very detailed, no comparisons Pro Con

31. Survey Quick way to gather a lot of information Questions can be misunderstood Interview One on one information Subject can be less than truthful – interpretation issues Pro Con

32. Lab Experiment Research completely objective Artificial Setting Field Setting More realistic than Lab setting Difficult to control variables Pro Con

33. Naturalistic Observation Observe in natural environment No subject feedback Longitudinal Study Gathers information over a subject’s life Expensive to undertake and keep track of subjects Pro Con

34. What bothers you the most about high school? What is it? How would you prove it? How would you find out if it bothers others? How would you find out WHY it’s done?

35. Which method of research would best yield the most accurate data for your question?

36. Use divergent thinking to understand causation and correlation in reference to timing, demographics and how results can be analyzed, choose your question. Choose your groups. Design your questions. Discuss how you will collect and measure data. (See me …there are many online survey sites that make this easier). Delineate tasks in order of group convenience. (Who has study hall which period, who has lunch, who has proximity to target subjects. Who may be busy with sports, play, etc. ….how to include them. All members share accountability. You will work in your group to create surveys to administer to chosen groups earlier in the unit. Collection/analysis will be performed by group. Schedules for presentations will follow on what expectations the group had, the hypothesis, the results, the controls, the variables, and what they learned from this experiment. Use divergent thinking to understand causation and correlation in reference to timing, demographics and how results can be analyzed, choose your question. Choose your groups. Design your questions. Discuss how you will collect and measure data. (See me …there are many online survey sites that make this easier). Delineate tasks in order of group convenience. (Who has study hall which period, who has lunch, who has proximity to target subjects. Who may be busy with sports, play, etc. ….how to include them. All members share accountability. You will work in your group to create surveys to administer to chosen groups earlier in the unit. Collection/analysis will be performed by group. Schedules for presentations will follow on what expectations the group had, the hypothesis, the results, the controls, the variables, and what they learned from this experiment.

37. Summary Scientific Method is used in Psychology experiments Hypothesis: statement of expected results. Can be proved or disproved through observation and experimentation Experimental Group: Group participating in experiment Control Group: Group not participating in the experiment Control: removal of subjects that could skew results Variables: factors introduced or resulting from experiment Independent Variable: Variable controlled by Researcher Dependent Variable: Result of Experiment Placebo: medicine with no active ingredients – works by power of suggestion Double Blind Study: Experiment with neither the subject nor researcher knowing who has the placebo – removes expectations that can skew results Ethics: Guidelines for Psychological Experiments – results must outweigh risks. There are many types of psychological studies – each has their pros and cons. Types: Field Studies, Lab Experiments, Naturalistic Observation, Case Studies, Surveys, Longitudinal and Cross Sectional Studies, and Interviews. Classical Conditioning: is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus.

38. Research Methods Test Test: 40 Multiple Choice (5 Paragraph) Essay (please refer to one of the psych studies: Milgram, Zimbardo, Harlow, or Watson and Rayner