1. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.1 Chapter Sixteen Aboriginal Canada: World War II to the Present

2. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.2 The delegates to theYale– Toronto Conference on the North American Indian, September 1939. This was the first conference held in Canada to discuss Amerindian welfare and the first scholarly con- ference to include First Nations delegates. The photo was taken on the lawn at the back of the Royal Ontario Museum. Pringle and Booth/Courtesy of Ken Kidd, a delegate at the conference.

3. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.3 Prime Minister John Diefenbaker with Plains Cree at Maple Creek, Saskatchewan, during his re-election campaign, October 1965. National Archives of Canada/Photograph by Bill Cadzow PA-15486.

4. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.4 Jean Chrétien, minister of Indian affairs, meeting with a delegation from the Indian Association of Alberta and other First Nations groups in Ottawa, June 1970. Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau is seated beside Jean Chrétien. The First Nations represent- atives have just presented the “Red Paper,” their response to the govern- ment’s controversial “White Paper.” Duncan Cameron/National Archives of Canada/PA-170161.

5. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.5 Cree children attending an Anglican Church school, Lac La Ronge, Saskatchewan, March 1945. National Archives of Canada, Photo by Bud Glunz, PA-124110.

6. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.6 First Nation people know the importance of written as well as oral testimony. The photo shows a First Nation delegation of elders and political leaders from southern Alberta visiting the Library and Archives Canada (then the Library and archives canada) on December 12, 1995. They came to Ottawa to see the original copy of Treaty Seven. Library and Archives Canada/ PA-197997.

7. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.7 The Indian and Metis Friendship Centre in Winnipeg, 1960. Archives of Manitoba, Nan Shipley Collection 74.

8. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.8 This cartoon captures the reality of the situation facing many Native people in the Canadian judicial system. Malcolm Mayes, Edmonton Journal, March 28, 1991, p. A22.

9. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.9 Hunter Steve Powley and his lawyer, Jean Teillet, celebrate after an Ontario court in 1998 for the first time recognized the Métis as a distinct Aboriginal people with protected constitutional rights. Jean Teillet is the great-grand-niece of Louis Riel. Canadian Press, the photo appeared in the Globe and Mail, January 11, 2001.

10. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.10 Canada: Population Distribution, 1986. From Russell Lawrence Barsh, “Canada’s Aboriginal Peoples: Social Integration or Disintegration?” The Canadian Journal of Native Studies, 14, 1 (1994): 9.

11. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.11 Justice Thomas Berger listens to the residents of Nahanni Butte, Northwest Territories, during one of the hearing of the Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry. CP PHOTO/Robert Galbraith

12. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.12 Status of several northern land claims, 1999. Source: Based on Compass (November/December 1994): 16. Data from Arctic Circle (November/December 1990): 20–21; Department of Indian and Northern Affairs, Information Sheet, no. 59 (March 1994). Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, http://www.inac.gc.ca/subject/claims/comp/briem.html (June 15, 1999) and http://www.inac.gc.ca/news/may99/99106bkl.html (June 15, 1999); Northern News Service Online, http://www.nnsl.com/ops/ claims.html; Nunavut Planning Commission, http://npc.nunavut.ca/eng/nunavut/general.html. Listed are the date of agreement number of claimants, amount of compensation in millions of dollars, and kilometres of land ownership.

13. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.13 Court rulings from the 1970s to the present have helped to re-establish an important place for treaty and Aboriginal rights in Canadian society. Since this photo was taken a decade or so ago the Supreme Court has achieved near gender equality. The Chief Justice is currently a woman, and three of her eight fellow members are female. Since this photo was taken a decade or so ago the Supreme Court has achieved near gender equality. The Chief Justice is currently a woman, and three of her eight fellow members are female. CP Picture Archive