1. Insurance Fundamentals for Policymakers

2. Four assignments: Insurance Principles Insurance Coverages: Property and Casualty Insurance Coverages: Life and Health Insurance Regulation and Legislation Insurance Fundamentals for Policymakers

3. Insurance Basics Economic Issues Related to Insurance Pricing Characteristics of the Insurance Product Insurance as a Risk Management Technique Why Insurance Operations Are Regulated Insurance Principles Topics

4. Insurance provides financial security, and it does so based on principles that ensure that all covered losses will be indemnified. Insurance Basics

5. Risk Perils Hazards Foundational Insurance Terms

6. Losses Loss frequency Loss severity Foundational Insurance Terms

7. A means of treating risk by transferring the financial consequences of a loss to an insurance company A means of protecting financial interests when losses occur What Is Insurance?

8. Pays insured’s covered losses (indemnifies) Reduces uncertainty Encourages efficient use of resources Helps reduce and prevent losses How Insurance Benefits Insureds

9. Supports credit Satisfies legal requirements Satisfies business requirements Provides sources of investment funds Reduces social burdens How Insurance Benefits Business and Society

10. Premiums Opportunity costs Costs of Insurance to Insureds

11. Operating costs – including profit Fraudulent and inflated claims (moral hazards) Claims caused by carelessness or indifference (morale hazards) Frivolous lawsuits that are settled as nuisance claims Costs Associated With Insurance

12. These principles help ensure that the insurance mechanism is actuarially sound: –Indemnification –Law of large numbers –Insurable interest Fundamental Insurance Principles

13. Insurance should not benefit an insured beyond the value of a loss. Violations of this principle can increase the frequency and severity of losses. The Principle of Indemnity

14. The mathematical basis of insurance. Insurance coverage provided is large relative to the premium paid. What would be an unexpected loss for an individual becomes an expected loss in aggregate for an insurer. The Law of Large Numbers

15. Means that the insured must suffer financially should a loss occur Supports the principle of indemnity—one cannot gain from an insurable loss Insurable Interest

16. An insurance policy is priced to reflect the loss exposures the policy covers while allowing for expenses, profit, and contingencies. Economic Issues Related to Insurance Pricing

17. Adverse selection Moral and morale hazard Equity: actuarial and social Timing Key Issues in Pricing

18. Adverse selection increases insurers’ costs. –Those with the greatest probability of loss are most likely to buy insurance. –They tend to have more losses and higher claims than insureds with an average loss probability. Adverse Selection

19. Insurers need information about insureds to set prices that reflect risks. Data collection raises privacy concerns: –What information is relevant? –How much information is too much? Avoiding Adverse Selection: Data Collection

20. Behaviors that increase loss frequency and/or severity –Moral—dishonesty –Morale—carelessness or indifference Common in auto, products liability, and general liability insurance Can be discouraged with policy risk-sharing features (deductibles) Moral and Morale Hazard

21. Fair discrimination—equitable premium for each insured—is essential to insurance pricing. State insurance laws prohibit unfair discrimination in insurance pricing. Opinions vary about what is fair and unfair. Actuarial Equity Versus Social Equity

22. Premium is directly proportional to each insured’s loss exposures. Cost-based pricing—identifies every variable unique to each insured. Use of some variables may be prohibited by state law. Actuarial Equity

23. Social equity involves two concepts: Pricing should relate to ability to pay. Factors beyond an insured’s control should not affect premium. Social Equity

24. Most losses are recognized, valued, and settled quickly (short-tail losses). Some losses take a long time to manifest, value, and settle (long-tail losses). The longer the tail, the greater the uncertainty in expected losses. Timing

25. An ideally insurable risk has six characteristics. Insurers use these characteristics to decide which risks to insure. Insurers select only those risks that meet most of the criteria. What Is an Ideally Insurable Risk?

26. A large quantity of similar people or objects may be subject to a loss. Loss would be fortuitous. Loss would not be catastrophic to the insurer. Characteristics of Insurable Risks

27. Time, location, and extent of a loss can be determined. The amount of an expected loss can be predicted. Covering the expected loss is economically feasible for the insurer. Characteristics of Insurable Risks

28. Insurance products share several characteristics that distinguish them from other types of consumer products. Characteristics of the Insurance Product

29. The insurance product –Lacks physical characteristics –Is more than the policy on paper –Represents a promise (to pay in the event of loss) Intangibility

30. An insurance policy contains complicated terms and concepts. An insurance policy is a legal contract. –Insureds and claimants may hire attorneys to resolve or clarify issues. –Some issues may involve courts, regulators, or legislators. Complexity and Legal Status

31. Product benefits become most apparent at time of loss. –Insureds or claimants may be facing unpleasant circumstances. –Heightened emotions may complicate transactions. Insurance Circumstances

32. Loss exposures with serious financial consequences typically require the purchase of insurance. Insurance as a Risk Management Technique

33. Retention Avoidance Control –Prevention –Reduction Transfer (including insurance) Risk Management Techniques

34. Some loss exposures have the potential to cause financial ruin. Others present minimal potential costs and can be safety retained. Retaining Loss Exposures

35. Ceasing or never undertaking an activity eliminates potential loss from that activity. Example: Not owning or driving an auto eliminates potential auto liability losses. Avoiding Loss Exposures

36. Loss prevention measures reduce the frequency of injuries. Loss reduction measures reduce the severity of fire losses. Controlling Loss Exposures

37. Some loss exposures are most effectively managed by transfer. The financial consequences of loss are borne by another party. Insurance is a common risk transfer technique. Transferring Risk

38. The fundamental purpose of insurance regulation is to protect the public as consumers and policyholders Why Insurance Operations Are Regulated

39. To protect consumers To maintain insurer solvency To prevent destructive competition Reasons for Regulation

40. –Regulating and standardizing insurance policies and products –Controlling market conduct and preventing unfair trade practices –Ensuring that insurance is available and affordable Consumer Protection

41. Ensure an insurer’s claim-paying ability Protect the public interest Safeguard insurer-held funds Insurer Solvency Regulation

42. To ensure the availability of insurance by controlling rates –Insurers, to compete, may lower rates. –Intense competition can drive down rate levels across the market. –Some insurers may become insolvent. –An insurance shortage may result. Prevention of Destructive Competition

43. Insurance is A risk management technique that involves transfer of risk to an insurance company A complex legal contract Affected by adverse selection, moral and morale hazard, actuarial and social equity, and timing Regulated to protect consumers and policyholders Summary