1. INFO1119 (Fall 2012) INFO1119: Operating System and Hardware Module 2: Computer Components Hardware – Part 2 Hardware – Part 2

2. INFO1119 (Fall 2012) Power Supply Connectors Some connectors are general purpose, while others have a specialized function Some connectors are general purpose, while others have a specialized function 2

3. INFO1119 (Fall 2012) Power Supply Connectors 3

4. INFO1119 (Fall 2012) Modern-day Motherboard 4 1) CPU Socket 3) RAM Slots 2) Chipset

5. INFO1119 (Fall 2012) Busses

6. Serial: Serial: –Simpler One bit at a time, so slower? One bit at a time, so slower? Parallel: Parallel: –More difficult –You need to wait until ALL bits are stabilized until you can read –All bits transmitted at once, so faster?

7. INFO1119 (Fall 2012) What’s faster? What’s the fastest bus now? What’s the fastest bus now? –AGP? Parallel bus –Hyperbus? Parallel bus –PCI Express? Serial –Intel QuickPath Interconnect (QPI)

8. INFO1119 (Fall 2012) The Bus Collection of wires linking one part of the computer to another Collection of wires linking one part of the computer to another –On the motherboard, these are the tiny copper wires (traces) –Are inside the chips (CPU), too Used to move data, instructions, and electrical current between components. Used to move data, instructions, and electrical current between components. The Motherboard has multiple data buses, with different speeds and sizes. The Motherboard has multiple data buses, with different speeds and sizes. 8

9. INFO1119 (Fall 2012) Bus Lines 9

10. INFO1119 (Fall 2012) Data Bus The Data Bus is the part of the bus used for data transfer The Data Bus is the part of the bus used for data transfer Each trace on the data bus represents one binary digit Each trace on the data bus represents one binary digit Often in multiples of 8 (16,, etc. bits wide) Often in multiples of 8 (16, 32, 64, etc. bits wide) Speeds vary, measured in MHz Speeds vary, measured in MHz Main bus that communicates with the CPU, memory, often called the Front Side Bus (FSB) Main bus that communicates with the CPU, memory, often called the Front Side Bus (FSB) 10

11. INFO1119 (Fall 2012) Overclocking A faster clock = A faster system A faster clock = A faster system However CPUs and Chipsets can only go so fast However CPUs and Chipsets can only go so fast –Heat damage –Reliability Systems are designed to default to safe clock rates for the CPU Systems are designed to default to safe clock rates for the CPU –Warranties can be voided if user adjusted speeds are used –Sometimes a setting in the BIOS 11

12. INFO1119 (Fall 2012) Expansion Slots 12

13. INFO1119 (Fall 2012) Expansion Card Inserted into a Slot 13

14. INFO1119 (Fall 2012) Parallel, Serial Parallel, Serial PS2 (also old keyboard) PS2 (also old keyboard) PCI parallel, then serial PCI parallel, then serial PCI, PCI-X, PCI Express (PCIe) PCI, PCI-X, PCI Express (PCIe) VGA, AGP, DVI (various types) VGA, AGP, DVI (various types) USB USB Firewire IEEE 1394 Firewire IEEE 1394 AT, ATA, Serial ATA AT, ATA, Serial ATA

15. INFO1119 (Fall 2012) Some fancy terms Band width –(–(–(–(bit rate) Hz (MHz, GHz) Bus width Latency Parallel, serial Analog, digital

16. INFO1119 (Fall 2012) Some fancy terms Shared bus Shared bus “Local” bus “Local” bus

17. INFO1119 (Fall 2012) Shared bus This means that all the devices are connected together –I–I–I–ISA, PCI, SCSI, etc. are like this CPU (or whatever) Device Bus

18. INFO1119 (Fall 2012) Shared bus In a shared bus, the devices must have an “address” or some other way of differentiating each other Only one device can “talk” at any one time. Can have “Bus Masters” – CPU or other device controls the bus

19. INFO1119 (Fall 2012) Shared bus To help with “talking at once” or to have different speed busses, can have “Bridges” CPU (or whatever) Bus PCI Bridge Device PCI Bridge Device

20. INFO1119 (Fall 2012) Point to point This is the “direct” approach Each device is directly connected to only one other device Can be one device to another or using a “switch”

21. INFO1119 (Fall 2012) Point to point CPU (or whatever) Device SwitchDevice CPU (or whatever) This device can “talk” to any other through the switch

22. INFO1119 (Fall 2012) At the Back

23. INFO1119 (Fall 2012) Common connections USB ports (2-6) USB ports (2-6) Digital Video Interface (DVI) Digital Video Interface (DVI) VGA VGA PS/2 ports mouse & keyboard PS/2 ports mouse & keyboard Sound ports (speakers, mike, line) Sound ports (speakers, mike, line) Network port RJ45 Network port RJ45 Serial (DB9) and Parallel (DB25) rarer Serial (DB9) and Parallel (DB25) rarer

24. INFO1119 (Fall 2012) Serial Built to the RS-232 standard Often connected mice, modem, etc. 9 pins Larger style was 25 pins (most not used) Up to 115,200 bits / second –A–A–A–About 10Mbytes / second (in theory)

25. VGA 15 pin analog connection Red, Green, Blue Horizontal & Vertical sync Surprisingly high data rate

26. DVI (Digital Video Interface) Used digital (instead of analog) connection “Single” or “Dual” link: –S–S–S–Single (60Hz): 1920 x 1200 resolution –D–D–D–Dual (60 Hz): 2560 x 1600 resolution Cables up to 5m (16 feet)!

27. INFO1119 (Fall 2012) Display Port Replacement for DVI 10.8Gbits/sec (that’s fast) –1–1–1–1920 × 1080 × 60 Hz × 24bpp –t–t–t–to 3840 × 2160 × 60 Hz x 30 bpp

28. INFO1119 (Fall 2012) Internal

29. Some legacy technology ISA EISA, VESA, MicroChannel All replaced by PCI technology

30. INFO1119 (Fall 2012) “Local” busses The “local” bus is (basically) directly connected to the CPU In theory, is the fastest connection to the CPU AGP is an example

31. INFO1119 (Fall 2012) AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) 32 bits Up to 2133 Mbytes/sec Almost a direct connection to CPU AGP 1.0 (1x - 266 MB, 2x - 533 MB/s) AGP 2.0 (4x – 1GB/s) AGP 3.0 (8x – 2133MB/s)

32. INFO1119 (Fall 2012) AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) AGP 2x (3.3V) –D–D–D–Data on rising and falling edges –d–d–d–doubling data transfer AGP 4x (1.5V) –F–F–F–Four transfers per clock cycle AGP 8x (0.8V) –E–E–E–Eight transfers per clock cycle

33. INFO1119 (Fall 2012) AGP Slots are “keyed” so that you can’t place the wrong card in the slot From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:AGP_keys_diagram.png

34. INFO1119 (Fall 2012) From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:AGP_slot.jpg

35. INFO1119 (Fall 2012) Resources IRQ (interrupt requests) IRQ (interrupt requests) –15 of them with ISA (PC still has these) DMA (Direct Memory Access) DMA (Direct Memory Access) I/O ports (not like network ports) I/O ports (not like network ports)

36. INFO1119 (Fall 2012) PCI Most common today Most common today Two major types: Two major types: –PCI (parallel) –PCI Express (serial) Also broken into multiple variants, based on speed, bus size, etc. Also broken into multiple variants, based on speed, bus size, etc.

37. INFO1119 (Fall 2012) PCI Initial: 33 MHz, 32 Bits –(–(–(–(Slower than VESA Local bus) –A–A–A–Approx 132 Mbytes / second –3–3–3–33 MHz (1 transfer / cycle) * 8 Bytes = 132 Mbytes / second 5 Volts, then 3.3 Volts (ISA is 5V) 32 bit address space (4 Gbytes)

38. PCI - improvements Bus size Bus Speed Approx transfer 32 33 MHz 132 Mbytes/s 32 66 MHz 264 Mbytes/s 64 33 MHz 528 Mbytes/s 64 66 MHz 1 Gbyte/s

39. INFO1119 (Fall 2012) PCI Another “trick” was the way data was transferred Another “trick” was the way data was transferred –Sort of a “burst mode” Address sent once, then three packets of data is sent Address sent once, then three packets of data is sent –So only ¾ of time is really for data AddressData Once “cycle”

40. INFO1119 (Fall 2012) PCI – reflected wave Uses Reflected-wave switching Unlike ISA (and SCSI), which have termination Bus is not “terminated,” so wave is reflected back, doubling the amplitude (if done correctly)

41. INFO1119 (Fall 2012) PCI Express From Intel A.K.A.: PCIe or PCI-E –N–N–N–NOTE: Not PCI-X (which is the old PCI) Up to 8 Gbytes / second (both ways) –4–4–4–4 Gbytes one way Serial

42. INFO1119 (Fall 2012) PCI Express Based on “lanes” –2–2–2–250 MHz –E–E–E–Each lane is a separate serial channel –1–1–1–1 lane = standard PCI –4–4–4–4 lanes = fastest PCI (PCI-X) –8–8–8–8 lanes = fastest AGP Up to 32 lanes –D–D–D–Designated as 1x, 2x, 4x, 8x, 16x

43. INFO1119 (Fall 2012) PCI Express “Full duplex” –D–D–D–Data goes both ways –V–V–V–Vs. Send, then receive modes/states Slots are different form factors –N–N–N–NOTE: a “4x” physical connection could mean it’s a 1x card using a 4x slot.

44. INFO1119 (Fall 2012) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:PCIExpress.jpg 1x 16x 4x Standard PCI

45. INFO1119 (Fall 2012) QPI (QuickPath Interconnect)

46. INFO1119 (Fall 2012) QPI (QuickPath Interconnect) Intel QuickPath Interconnect Point-to-point processor interconnect developed by Intel which replaces the Front Side Bus (FSB) in Xeon, Itanium, and certain desktop platforms Designed to compete with HyperTransport First delivered in November 2008 on the Intel Core i7-9xx desktop processors and X58 chipset

47. INFO1119 (Fall 2012) USB (Universal Serial Bus) Serial (1 bit) USB 2.0 up to 480 Mbps USB 3.0 up to 5 Gbps Up to 127 devices per host Hot plugable Six types of plugs

48. Web Links http://www.pcisig.com/home http://computer.howstuffworks.com/pci.htm http://www.techfest.com/hardware/bus/pci.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect http://www.pcisig.com/specifications/pciexpress/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express http://arstechnica.com/articles/paedia/hardware/pcie.ars/1 http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/vectors/en/2004_pcie xpress?c=us&l=en&s=corp http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/io/quickpath- technology/quickpath-technology-general.html INFO1119 (Fall 2012)