1. A Brief History Of Medicine
Part 1
Ancient Times

2. Throughout History People have had illness.
People have tried to explain the cause of disease.
Humans have sought cures for sicknesses.

3. Sickness vs. Injury
Humans have long understood the difference between sickness and injury.

4. Prehistoric Medicine

5. Time Period 3000 BC to 20,000 BC Includes many Stone Age cultures
Bronze Age
Iron Age
Life span usually 25 to 40 years
Very little evidence available
Archaeological evidence
No written records

6. Common Diseases Arthritis Infections after injury Gum disease
Infected teeth (abscess)

7. Causes of Disease Supernatural Causes: Actual Causes: Evil spirits
Angry ancestors
Actual Causes:
Less varied diets
Malnutrition
Cleanliness Issues

8. Cures & Medicine Herbs were commonly used
Uses discovered by trial & error

9. Items Used Natural oils Used snakeroot to calm patients.
Used foxglove to stimulate the heart.
Used fungus to stop bleeding

10. Cures & Medicine Medicine Man or Shaman
Religious ceremonies to counter evil spirits
Used charms, spells, and amulets

11. Major Accomplishments
Use of clay to set broken bones

12. Major Accomplishments
Trepanning – primitive brain surgery
Goal = release evil spirits

13. Ancient Egypt

14. Time Period
3000 BC to 300 AD
Nile River Valley

15. Common Diseases Records show knowledge of many different sicknesses
Common cold
Stomach ailments
Cataracts and eye diseases
Malaria, plague, perhaps smallpox
Parasitic diseases (Schistosomiasis)
Leprosy, polio, tuberculosis

16. Causes of Disease Evil gods and demons were responsible for disease
People wore amulets to ward off evil

17. Mummification Knew location of major organs in the body
Understood function of most organs

18. Cures & Medicine Doctors/Priests specialized in medicine
Earliest recorded doctor was Hesy-Ra from 27th dynasty BC
Had physicians (first culture to have doctors)

19. Herbs were used Pharmacists were skilled at preparing herbs
Garlic & onion
Cumin & coriander
Over 700 “medicines” on record

20. Some Herbal Remedies
Honey and milk were used for the respiratory system as well as throat irritation.
Honey was wisely used to disinfect wounds.
Aloe Vera was used to treat worms, relieve headaches, and soothe burns.
Frankincense was used to treat throat and larynx infections.
Dill was used to reduce flatulence and as a laxative
Caraway was used to treat flatulence and as a breath freshener
Balsam Apple or Apple of Jerusalem was used as a laxative
Thyme was used as a pain reliever
Poppy seeds were used to relieve insomnia, head aches, and as an anesthetic

21. Cures & Medicine Simple surgery Even amputations Setting broken bones
Carving shows medical instruments
Used ointments as anesthesia in surgery

22. A Few Cures Cure for Indigestion
Crush a hog's tooth and put it inside of four sugar cakes, and eat for four days.
Cure for Lesions of the Skin
After the scab has fallen off, mix it with fresh milk and apply it as a poultice to the wound
For baldness: fat of lion, fat of hippo, fat of cat, fat of crocodile, fat of ibex, and fat of serpent, are mixed together and applied to the head.

23. Spiritual “Cures”
The Egyptians sometimes used spells to cure illnesses.
These would be said over a sick person: “O Spirit, male of female, who lurks hidden in my flesh and in my limbs, get out of my flesh. Get out of my limbs!"
Remedy for a mother and child: “Come! You who drives out evil things from my stomach and my limbs. He who drinks this shall be cured just as the gods above were cured."

24. Belief in Good Health Habits
Bathing
Shaving
Special diets to purify the body
Don’t eat raw fish or unclean animals

25. Who Were Imhotep, Hesy Re, and Peshet?
Imhotep was the founder of Egyptian medicine. We do not know if he was the first physician, but he was definitely a candidate for it. Imhotep was born in 2560 B.C. in Memphis. Imhotep was best known for his engineering and architecture, not as a doctor.
Hesy Re is another candidate for the first physician. He lived in Egypt around 2600 B.C. He was also one of the first people to perform oral surgery.
Peshet was the first female physician. She lived in Egypt around 2500 B.C.

26. Major Accomplishments
Written records of diseases & treatments
Made connection between pulse & the heart
Used compression to stop bleeding

27. Ancient Middle East

28. Time Period
Ancient Babylon (modern-day Iraq)
3000 BC to 1500 BC

29. Causes of Disease Often blamed on spirits, ghosts, etc.
Each spirit was responsible for a specific body part

30. Major Accomplishments
Babylonians introduced the concepts of diagnosis, prognosis, physical examination, and medical prescriptions

31. Medical Men called “Ashipu”
Means "sorcerer."
Most important task was to diagnose the ailment
Determined which god or demon was causing the illness.
Attempted to determine if the disease was the result of some error or sin on the part of the patient
The phrase, "the Hand of..." was used to indicate the god or spirit responsible for the sickness
Charms and spells were used to entice away or drive out the spirit causing the disease

32. Next, the Asu Specialist in herbal remedies
Called "physician" because he dealt in what were often classifiable as empirical applications of medication.
For example, when treating wounds the asu generally relied on three fundamental techniques: washing, bandaging, and making plasters. All three of these techniques of the asu appear in the world's oldest known medical document (c BCE).

33. Ancient India

34. Time Period
Around 800 BC, first book on medicine and surgery was complied in ancient India

35. Causes of Disease
Ayurveda was a science of medicine begun in about 1000 BC
1st scientific study of medicine
Uses medicinal herbs
No beliefs in supernatural causes

36. Major Accomplishments
Shushruta- Samhita is the oldest treatise dealing with surgery.
The main medical practitioners were Atraya, Charaka and Shusruta.
Shushruta studied human anatomy with an aid of a dead body.
He had described in great detail 8 branches of surgery

37. Major Accomplishments
Plastic surgery and ophthalmology (removing cataracts)
The restoration of mutilated nose or rhinoplasty was one of the greatest contributions of Shushruta.
The success rate was very high attracting people from all the country and outside. He meticulously carried out the operation almost similar to the steps followed by modern day plastic surgeons.

38. What people knew
People knew flies could cause illnesses like stomach ache and diarrhea. They knew that other raw food could also cause diseases. During smallpox outbreaks doctors told people to stay inside or away from somebody who had it.