2. Property of Lear Siegler

3. ATMOSPHERIC STABILITY & CLOUDS Property of Lear Siegler

4. T L O

5. ELO 1 Action: The student will identify the different states in which moisture is found in the atmosphere. Condition: Given pertinent information about moisture Standard: IAW FM 1-230 para 4-2

6. Moisture States VAPOR / GAS VAPOR / GAS LIQUID / VISIBLE LIQUID / VISIBLE SOLID SOLID Property of Lear Siegler

7. ELO 2 Action: The student will identify the changes moisture makes from one water state to another. Condition: Given pertinent information about states of moisture Standard: IAW FM 1-230 para 4-2

8. Changes in Moisture EvaporationCondensation Fusion (freezing) SublimationMelting

10. LATENT HEAT Heat energy taken in through evaporation and melting Heat energy taken in through evaporation and melting Heat energy released through condensation and fusion Heat energy released through condensation and fusion Property of Lear Siegler

13. ELO 3 Action: The student will identify the amount of water vapor contained in a portion of the atmosphere. Condition: Given pertinent information about the water vapor and the atmosphere Standard: IAW FM 1-230 para 4-3, and 4-4

14. WATER VAPOR CONTENT Property of Lear Siegler  SATURATION  DEW POINT

16. WATER VAPOR CONTENT  RELATIVE HUMIDITY Property of Lear Siegler SATURATION  SATURATION DEW POINT  DEW POINT

17. 0 o C 32° F 6 o C 43° F 10 o C 50° F 17 o C 61° F 20 o C 68° F 30 o C 86 o F Property of Lear Siegler

18. Moist air = less air density = less engine performance

19. ELO 4 Action: The student will identify the adiabatic process. Condition: Given pertinent information about the water vapor and the atmosphere Standard: IAW FM 1-230 para 3-6

20. 15° 40° 15° ADIABATIC PROCESS When the temperature of a gas is changed without the addition or deletion of heat energy Property of Lear Siegler

21. OAT 20° C DEW POINT 14° C RELATIVE HUMIDITY = 70.4% Property of Lear Siegler

22. OAT 14° C DEW POINT 14° C RELATIVE HUMIDITY = 100% Property of Lear Siegler

23. OAT 10° C DEW POINT 10° C RELATIVE HUMIDITY = 100% Property of Lear Siegler

24. OAT 20° C RELATIVE HUMIDITY = 54% DEW POINT 10° C Property of Lear Siegler

28. ELO 5 Action: The student will identify the moist and dry adiabatic cooling rates. Condition: Given pertinent information about the adiabatic process Standard: IAW FM 1-230 para 3-6

29. Dry cooling rate – 3 o per 1,000 ft Dry cooling rate – 3 o per 1,000 ft Moist cooling rate – 1.5 o per 1,000 ft Moist cooling rate – 1.5 o per 1,000 ft

30. ELO 6 Identify the points where condensation and free convection take place

31. OLR=2° DP=14° 18° 16° 14° 12° 10° OLR=2° DEWPOINT=14° 12° 18° 16° 14° 10° 8° 6° 4° Property of Lear Siegler

32. OLR=2° DEWPOINT=14° 17 ° 14 ° DRY ADIABATIC LAPSE RATE 3°/1000’ 12° 18° 16° 14° 10° 8° 6° 4° Property of Lear Siegler

33. OLR=2° DEWPOINT=14° 17 ° 14 ° 12° 18° 16° 14° 10° 8° 6° 4° Property of Lear Siegler LEVEL OF CONDENSATION Temperature of the rising air and dew point are the same.

34. OLR=2° DEWPOINT=14° 17 ° 12° 18° 16° 14° 10° 8° 6° 4° Property of Lear Siegler MOIST LAPSE RATE 1.5°/1000’ 8°8° 12.5 ° 14 ° 9.5 ° 11 ° LEVEL OF FREE CONVECTION Temperature of the rising air is the same as the ambient air

35. OLR=2° DEWPOINT=14° 17 ° 12° 18° 16° 14° 10° 8° 6° 4° Property of Lear Siegler 12.5 ° 14 ° 9.5 ° 11 ° 8°8° 6.5 ° 5°5°

36. 17 ° 14 ° DEWPOINT=14° OLR=2° 12.5 ° LEVEL OF CONDENSATION 12° 18° 16° 14° 10° 8° 6° 4° MOIST LAPSE RATE 1.5°/1000’ Property of Lear Siegler Temperature of the rising air and dew point are the same.

37. 17 ° 14 ° DEWPOINT=14° OLR=2° 12.5 ° 11 ° 9.5 ° 8°8° 6.5 ° 5°5° LEVEL OF FREE CONVECTION 12° 18° 16° 14° 10° 8° 6° 4° Property of Lear Siegler Temperature of the rising air is the same as the ambient air

38. ELO 7 Action: The student will identify the factors that determine atmospheric stability. Condition: Given pertinent information about stability Standard: IAW FM 1-230 para 7-4

39. UNSTABLE – Air that moves vertically and will continue without any outside force OLR 3.0 or greater CONDITIONALLY UNSTABLE – Air parcel is neutral. Vertical movement depends on the conditions OLR between 1.5 and 3.0 STABLE – Resists vertical development OLR 1.5 or less

40. Air with high moisture content tends to be more unstable than dry air, if lifting action occurs.

41. OLR=2° DP=14° 18° 16° 14° 12° 10° OLR=1.5° DEWPOINT=14° 11° 18.5° 17° 15.5° 14° 12.5° 9.5° 8° Property of Lear Siegler

42. OLR=1.5° DEWPOINT=14° 17 ° 14 ° DRY ADIABATIC LAPSE RATE 3°/1000’ 11° 18.5° 17° 15.5° 14° 12.5° 9.5° 8° Property of Lear Siegler

43. DEWPOINT=14° OLR=1.5° MOIST LAPSE RATE 1.5°/1000’ 17 ° 14 ° 12.5 ° 11 ° 9.5 ° 8°8° 6.5 ° 5°5° LEVEL OF CONDENSATION 11° 18.5° 17° 15.5° 14° 12.5° 9.5° 8°8° Property of Lear Siegler

44. 17 ° 14 ° 12.5 ° 11 ° 9.5 ° 8°8° 6.5 ° 5°5° 11° 18.5° 17° 15.5° 14° 12.5° 9.5° 8°8° Property of Lear Siegler OLR=1.5° DEWPOINT=14° OLR 1.5 or less: STABLE conditions

45. OLR=2° DP=14° 18° 16° 14° 12° 10° OLR=3° DEWPOINT=14° 17° 2° 8° 14° 11° 5° -1° -4° Property of Lear Siegler

46. OLR=3° DEWPOINT=14° 17 ° 14 ° DRY ADIABATIC LAPSE RATE 3°/1000’ 17° 2° 8° 14° 11° 5° -1° -4° Property of Lear Siegler

47. 17 ° 14 ° DEWPOINT=14° OLR=3° MOIST LAPSE RATE 1.5°/1000’ 12.5 ° 11 ° 9.5 ° 8°8° 6.5 ° 5°5° LEVEL OF CONDENSATION LEVEL OF FREE CONVECTION 17° 2° 8° 14° 11° 5° -1° -4° Property of Lear Siegler

48. 17 ° 14 ° DEWPOINT=14° OLR=3° 12.5 ° 11 ° 9.5 ° 8°8° 6.5 ° 5°5° 17° 2° 8° 14° 11° 5° -1° -4° Property of Lear Siegler OLR 3 o or greater: UNSTABLE conditions LCL LFC

49. 17 ° 14 ° DEWPOINT=14° OLR=2° 12.5 ° 11 ° 9.5 ° 8°8° 6.5 ° 5°5° 12° 18° 16° 14° 10° 8° 6° 4° Property of Lear Siegler OLR between 1.5 o and 3 o : CONDITIONALLY UNSTABLE LCL

52. ELO 8 Action: The student will identify how clouds are formed. Condition: Given pertinent information about clouds Standard: IAW FM 1-230 para 8-1

53. Extremely small condensed water vapor droplets suspended in the atmosphere (less than.002”) Property of Lear Siegler Direct result of saturation and saturation is the result of cooling Direct result of saturation and saturation is the result of cooling. Clouds

54. Cooling Process  ADIABATIC  NOCTURNAL  ADVECTION Property of Lear Siegler

55. ELO 9 Action: The student will identify the basic types of clouds. Condition: Given pertinent information about clouds Standard: IAW FM 1-230 para 8-2

56. Cloud Catagories Cumulus Stratus

57. Property of Lear Siegler 1.Cumulus Indicating Unstable Conditions

58. Property of Lear Siegler 2. Stratus Indicating Stable Conditions

59. ELO 10 Action: The student will identify the classification of clouds in terms of the cloud’s altitude. Condition: Given pertinent information about clouds Standard: IAW FM 1-230 para 8-3,4,5

60. Cloud Descriptors (a) Nimbus / Nimbo (b) Fracto (c) Alto

61. (a) LOW: LESS THAN 6500’ (b) MIDDLE: 6,500 – 18,000 (c) HIGH: ABOVE, 18,000 Cloud Altitudes

62. ELO 11 Action: The student will identify cloud types by assigned abbreviations. Condition: Given pertinent information about clouds Standard: IAW FM 1-230 para 8-3,4,5

63. CumulonimbusCb StratusSt NimbostratusNs StratocumulusSc AltocumulusAc AltostratusAs CirrusCi CumulusCu CirrostratusCs CirrocumulusCc LOW, LESS THAN 6500’ MIDDLE, 6,500 –18,000 HIGH,ABOVE 18,000 Property of Lear Siegler

64. Cu Cumulus

65. Cb

67. Cumulonimbus Cumulus

70. Cumulus – Anvil

71. Cumulus

72. Cumulus - Anvil

74. Sc

76. sc Stratocumulus

77. sc

78. st

79. St Stratus

80. Ns Nimbostratus

81. cc

82. Altocumulus

83. Ac

84. AS

85. Ac

86. Ci Cirrus

88. cs

89. Cirrostratus

90. Cirrocumulus

92. cc

93. cc

94. Ci,Cs

101. ELO 12 Action: The student will identify the flight conditions that would be encountered in the two basic cloud types. Condition: Given pertinent information about clouds Standard: IAW FM 1-230 para 8-5, 6

102. Flight Conditions Cumulus / Cumulonimbus Cumulus / Cumulonimbus Stratus Stratus

103. Safety First… Takeoffs are optional… Landings are mandatory!

104. FM 1-230 References for today… Moisture Chapter 4 Moisture Chapter 4 Stability Chapter 7 Stability Chapter 7 Clouds Chapter 8 Clouds Chapter 8

105. FM 1-230 References for tomorrow… Frontal Weather Chapter 10 Frontal Weather Chapter 10

106. The end

107. STOP Abandon hope all ye who enter here You are entering the hidden slide Zone