1. Classification of antibiotics

2. I- Classification on the basis of biological effect:
- It is important for practical use:
a - According to spectrum: i.e number of organisms affected by the same antibiotic.
- Broad spectrum
- Narrow spectrum

3. Topical application: superficial inflammation (more powerful).
b- classification according to the rout of adminstration:
Oral : Given by mouth.
Injection: to give rapid onset of action and quick presence of the antibiotic in the blood stream (e.g: Post operation).
Topical application: superficial inflammation (more powerful).

4. c. Classification according to the type of action of antibiotic:
Bacteriocidal : To virulent microorganism to omit the problem from the root.
Bacteristatic : Slow down the growth and give chance to the body immune response to fight the pathogen.

5. II classification according to chemical structures
Basic principals of chemical classification:
Compounds of similar structures have similar biological activity.
Biological activity is frequently due to a structure moieties as – CO-C = X where X is CH2 or N2 or CooH

6. Primary Classification
According to Berdy (1974), antibiotics are arranged into families include the following:
Carbohydrate- antibiotics: Antimicrobial containing sugars
Macrocyclic lactone and Quinone AB.
Amino acid and peptide antibiotics.
Heterocyclic antibiotics. ( nitrogen and oxygen containing).
Alicyclic antibiotics ( have an aromatic ring)
Aliphatic antibiotics.

7. Secondary classification
Within each family, the antibiotics are placed into subgroups according to the following:
Antibiotic with single or several characteristics.
Size of the molecule.
Similar or different skeleton.
Antibiotics with practical importance.
Specific type of linkage or chromophore
Similarities.
Biological activities.

8. Carbohydrate antibiotics
This family is classified into 4 subfamilies
Pure saccharides
Amino glycosides
Other N or C- glycosides
Various sugar derivatives

9. Most of antibiotics of this family are produced by Actinomycetes while few of them are produced from bacterial genus Bacillus or Pseudomonas.
The best known example of pure saccharides is Streptozotocin

10. STZ
It has antibacterial, antileukemic and diabetogenic properties

11. Diabetgenic effect of STZ

12. The second subfamily aminoglycosides has several examples but the most common is streptomycin.
- It is isolated from Streptomyces griseus.

13. - It has broad spectrum against gram +ve and gram –ve bacteria e
- It has broad spectrum against gram +ve and gram –ve bacteria e.g: Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
-It is stable at room temperature for at least one year.
-It is administered by injection.
Common adult dose is gram/ day.

14. Other example of various sugar derivatives antibiotics is “ Lincomycin