1. Health Science 1

2.  Sense organ especially adapted to pick up sound waves and send these impulse to the auditory center of the brain which lie in the temporal area just above the ears.  The receptor for hearing is the organ of Corti, within the cochlea of the inner ear.

3.  Ear also involved with equilibrium (balance)

4.  Pinna ◦ Outer part of ear ◦ Collects sound waves and directs them into the auditory canal  Auditory Canal ◦ Lined with sebaceous or ceruminous glands which secrete a waxlike or oily substance called cerumen  Tympanic Membrane ◦ The eardrum (separates the outer from the middle ear)

5.  The cavity in the temporal bone  Connects with the pharynx (throat) by the eustachian tube.  Eustachian tube – equalizes pressure between the middle ear and the outside atomsphere.  Contains 3 tiny bones

6.  Hammer ◦ Malleus  Anvil ◦ incus  Stirrup ◦ Stapes ◦ These transmit sound waves from the ear drum to the inner ear

7.  Contains membrane lined channels which lie deep within the temporal bone.  Cochlea (organ of hearing) ◦ Contains a membranous tube called the cochlear duct. ◦ This duct is filled with fluid that vibrates when the sound waves from the stirrup bone strike against it. ◦ Cochlear duct contains delicate cells which make up the organ of Corti.

8.  Organ of Corti – receptor for hearing ◦ Hairlike cells that pick up vibrations caused by the sound waves against the fluid ◦ These are then transmitted through the auditory nerve to the hearing center of the brain  Semicircular canals (3) ◦ Also within the inner ear ◦ Contain liquid and hairlike cells that bend when the head and body move. Impulses are sent to the cerebellum, to maintain balance ◦ Have nothing to do with hearing.

9.  Sound waves > pinna >auditory canal > tympanic membrane > ear ossicles (bones) > stimulate the receptors in the cochlea > cochlear nerve > temporal lobe of the brain for interpretation

10.  External Otitis  http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/a rticle/000622.htm http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/a rticle/000622.htm

11.  Infection in the middle ear  Usually causes earache  Common complication of common cold in children  Treatment with antibiotics  If a build up of fluid in ears can be relieved by a myringotomy (tubes in the ears)

12.  Bones of the middle ear harden (stapes)  The bones become immovable  Common cause of deafness in young adults.  Treat with stapedectomy and replacement

13.  Condition that affects the semicircular canals of the inner ear, causing vertigo (dizziness)  Cause is unknown  Can occur at any time without warning  Usually accompanied by nausea and vomiting and ringing in the ears  Treat with bedrest  Can take medication for dizziness

14.  Ringing in the ears  May be caused by impacted wax, otitis media, otosclerosis, loud noise

15.  Normal hearing loss die to the aging process  Hearing aides  Could be conductive or sensorinerural

16.  Occurs when sounds to the inner ear are blocked by wax or fluid  Could be caused by  abnormal bone growth  Conductive hearing loss  Sensorineural loss  Can be a result of damage to parts of the inner ear or auditory nerve.  Could result in complete deafness  Possibility for cochlear implants

17.  Can detect about 10,000 different smells which account for about 90% of what we think of taste.  Made up of the Nasal Cavity and Olfactory epithelium ◦ Contains supply of nerve cells with specialized receptors which send signals to the olfactory nerves in brain

18.  Deviated Nasal Septum ◦ Bend in the cartilage structure of the septum. ◦ Symptoms include blockage of the airflow through one nostril ◦ Difficulty sleeping ◦ Snoring ◦ Sometimes relieved by external adhesive strip across the nose ◦ May need surgical repair

19.  Growths in the nasal cavity  Could be associated with rhinitis  Surgical removal in severe cases

20.  Inflammation of the lining of the nose which may cause nasal congestion, drainage, sneezing or itching.  Cause could be allergies, infection  Could be fumes, odors, drugs  Treatment of symptoms (remove causative agent)

21.  Large mass of muscle tissue containing Papillae.  Aides in the beginning process of digestion  Papilla contain taste buds for sweet, sour, salty, and bitter  Receptors of taste buds send stimuli through three cranial nerves to the cerebral cortex for interpretation.

22.  Glossitis  http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/a rticle/001053.htm http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/a rticle/001053.htm

23.  Red  irritated

24.  Thrush is a yeast infection of the mucus membrane lining the mouth and tongue.  a fungus called Candida overgrows in your mouth  The following factors can increase your chances of getting thrush: ◦ Being in poor health ◦ Being very old or very young ◦ Having an HIV infection or AIDSHIV infectionAIDS ◦ Long-term use or high dose antibiotics ◦ Receiving chemotherapy or drugs that weaken the immune systemchemotherapy ◦ Taking steroid medications

25.  Site of many nerve endings  A square inch contains 72 feet of nerves and hundreds of receptors  Able to detect pain and temperature