1. Air Pollution Research Group Research and Future Professional Skills Needed to Meet Energy Supply Challenges in the 21 st Century Ashok Kumar Department of Civil Engineering University of Toledo

2. Air Pollution Research Group Examination of Energy Strategy Energy Gap = Supply – Demand * Research is needed both on supply and demand sides.

3. Air Pollution Research Group World Energy Supply Natural Gas: 40 years (Source: Energy Information Administration (EIA), DOE, USA/ Oil & Gas Journal, Dec. 24, 2001) Coal: 180 years (Source: Energy Information Administration (EIA), DOE, USA) Oil: 30 years (Source: Energy Information Administration (EIA), DOE, USA/World Petroleum Assessment, 2000, US Geological Survey) More than 80% of the world energy demand is still projected to be met by fossil fuels in 2030 ! (Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2003, Jan. 2003 )

4. Air Pollution Research Group Energy Consumption

5. Air Pollution Research Group Major Periods of Energy Research Current Research Efforts Research in Transition Long-term Future Research

6. Air Pollution Research Group Research Challenges Based on Current Efforts Increase mileage for transportation sources: What about developing cars giving 50-miles-per-gallon? Increase production of cellulosic ethanol Improve efficiency of new power plants: 30 to 60 percent more efficient Develop power plants with almost zero environmental impact Encourage smart buildings that emit no pollution and use almost net zero energy Develop technologies for alternative fuels and engines for daily use Encourage development of tar sands and oil shale (?)

7. Air Pollution Research Group Research During Energy Transition Introduction of hybrid cars Expansion of wind energy production Use of solar energy Use of hydrogen fuel cells Natural gas and biofuels Conversion of renewables to get liquid fuels

8. Air Pollution Research Group Wind Energy Nantucket Sound Wind Farm, MA

9. Air Pollution Research Group Solar Energy Photovoltaic Systems Solar Heating Systems Concentrating Solar Power Systems Solar Lighting Systems (Parabolic Troughs)

10. Air Pollution Research Group Bye-Bye, Batteries? Jadoo Fuel Cell Power Unit Hydrogen Fuel Cell Car Toshiba develops fuel cell prototypes for portable music players Hitachi Methanol Fuel Cell Powered Portable Devices

11. Air Pollution Research Group Research on Energy Future To find a catalyst that could convert coal into hydrogen To produce hydrogen on-board To produce hydrogen from bio-mass Fuel cell technology Hydrogen Storage

12. Air Pollution Research Group Lignocellulosic Biomass Yield of Ethanol Corn: 416 gal /acre Biomass: 800 gal/acre USDA estimates ~1.4 billion tons biomass can be produced, yielding ~ 80 billion gallons ethanol

13. Air Pollution Research Group Ethanol and biodiesel, made from plant matter instead of petroleum, can be blended with or directly substituted for gasoline and diesel, respectively I-71 between Columbus and Cleveland Ohio. exit 151 Biomass Today Ethanol + Diesel Ethanol + Diesel Biodiesel Biodiesel 48% of biomass energy goes to pulp and paper industry

14. Air Pollution Research Group Critical Steps Pretreatment & Cellulose Hydrolysis Fermentation of C6 and C5 Sugars together Efficient Separation of ethanol from Fermentation broth Ethanol from Biomass Biomass Hemicellulosehydrolysis Ethanol for Fuel LigninProcessingPretreatment Hemicellulose Lignin Saccharification Reaction Hydrolysis to Glucose Cellulose Fermentation of ofGlucoseXyloseArabinoseGalactose

15. Air Pollution Research Group Hydrogen Production Research at The University of Toledo

16. Air Pollution Research Group Reformer/ Catalyst Gas Cleaning Fuel Cell Stacks Steam H2, CO 2 H2H2 Air Natural Gas/ Jet Fuel Water Electricity Schematic Diagram of Hybrid Car with Natural Gas/Jet Fuel Tank Instead of Hydrogen Tank

17. Air Pollution Research Group Renewable technologies wind, solar, geothermal, waves, biofuels Electrochemical energy storage and conversion Core enabling science and technology superconducting & cryogenic components, nanotechnology & materials, transport phenomena Nuclear fusion Areas of Research for a Clean Energy Future

18. Air Pollution Research Group Manpower Needs Comprehensive programs covering theory, energy planning and management, technologies, environmental considerations, renewable energy resources, infrastructure, and politics are not available. Ph.D. level * Development of new program in alternative energy M.S. level * Enhancing current programs * Availability of fellowships B.S. level * Courses in engineering includes elements of power generation, and cover mainly conventional sources of energy * Revision of current courses and introduction of new electives

19. Air Pollution Research Group Role of Different Departments in Alternative Energy Areas Department Photo- voltaic Fuel Cells Wind Energy BiomassTransportation Hybrid Vehicles Physics Major Chemistry Major Civil Engineering Major Chemical Engineering Major Electrical Engineering Major Bio- Engineering Major Mechanical Engineering Major Business Major

20. Air Pollution Research Group Conclusion North American universities are prepared to conduct future energy research. North American universities are already producing manpower needed in ENERGY area.

21. Air Pollution Research Group Acknowledgement Dr. S. Varanasi, University of Toledo Dr. P. Ayyappan, University of Toledo Graduate students from Chemical and Civil Engineering, University of Toledo Web sites for clip art and graphs

22. Air Pollution Research Group Questions ??

23. Air Pollution Research Group References http://www.mitsaudi.org/images/armstrong_pres.ppt http://cba.mit.edu/events/06.05.energy/moniz.ppt http://www.gei.it/EVENTI/Momigliano/convegno2002_Cattier.ppt http://regents.ohio.gov/capital/labs21/Columbus_randy_corbin_ES w42607.ppt

24. Air Pollution Research Group  450 EJ/year (14.2 TW)/16 T kWh-electric/year  Projected doubling of energy use and tripling of electricity use by 2050 in business as usual  1.4 Billion people without electricity in 2030  50 year time scale for major shifts in energy World Energy Supply and Demand

25. Air Pollution Research Group US Energy Supply since 1850 Source: EIA

26. Air Pollution Research Group Renewable Energy Materials and Technologies Biomass technologies Building Technologies Solar Energy Technologies Wind & Hydropower Technologies Geothermal Technologies Hydrogen, fuel Cells & Infrastructure Technologies

27. Air Pollution Research Group Potential Biomass Fuel Sources Agriculture: Residues from agriculture production and agro-industry activities Forestry: Primary and forestry wood processing residues Energy crops: Potential annual or perennial dedicated energy crops Waste: The organic fraction of municipal solid waste Sewage: Potential biogas production from sewage treatment