1. Chapter 1 Organic Chemistry

2. Organic chemistry: Organic chemistry: the study of the compounds of carbon.  Organic compounds are made up of carbon and only a few other elements.  chief among these are hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen  also present are sulfur, phosphorus, and halogens (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine)

3. Why Carbon? Why is organic chemistry a separate discipline within chemistry?

4. The sheer number of organic compounds The sheer number of organic compounds  Chemists have discovered or made over 10 million organic compounds and an estimated 100,000 new ones are discovered or made each year.  By comparison, chemists have discovered or made an estimated 1.7 million inorganic compounds.  Thus, approximately 85% of all known compounds are organic.

5. The link to biochemistry The link to biochemistry  Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, hormones, vitamins, and almost all other chemicals in living systems are organic compounds.

6. Historical: Historical: scientists at one time believed that a “vital force” present in living organisms was necessary to produce an organic compound.  The experiment of Wöhler in 1828 was the first in a series of experiments that led to the demise of the vital force theory.

9. Structure

10. Structural formula: Structural formula: shows the atoms present in a molecule as well as the bonds that connect them.

11. Lewis structure: A molecular representation that shows both the connections among atoms and the locations of lone-pair valence electrons. Lewis structure: A molecular representation that shows both the connections among atoms and the locations of lone-pair valence electrons.

12. Common bonding patterns for C, N, O, X, and H

13. VSEPR model: VSEPR model: the most common bond angles are 109.5°, 120°, and 180°.

14. 3-D structure: Shows orientation in space, using wedges and dashes. 3-D structure: Shows orientation in space, using wedges and dashes.

15. Condensed structure: Bonds are not specifically shown. Condensed structure: Bonds are not specifically shown.

16. line-angle formula: line-angle formula:  A line represents a carbon-carbon bond and a vertex and a line terminus represent a carbon atom.  Hydrogen atoms are not shown in line-angle formulas.

18. Constitutional isomers—compounds with the same molecular formula, but with different structural formulas (different connectivity).

19. For the molecular formula C 4 H 10, two constitutional isomers are possible.

20. Functional Groups Functional group: Functional group: an atom or group of atoms within a molecule that shows a characteristic set of predictable physical and chemical properties.

22. Alcohol: Alcohol: contains an OH (hydroxyl) group bonded to a tetrahedral carbon atom. For example, ethanol:

24. Amine:amino group. Amine: a compound containing an amino group. the amino group may be primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°).

26. Carbonyl group: C=O

27. Aldehyde: Aldehyde: contains a carbonyl group bonded to a hydrogen; in formaldehyde, the simplest aldehyde, the carbonyl group is bonded to two hydrogens. Ketone: Ketone: contains a carbonyl group bonded to two carbon atoms.

29. Carboxylic acid: a compound containing carboxyl Carboxylic acid: a compound containing a -COOH (carboxyl: carbonyl + hydroxyl) group. In a condensed structural formula, a carboxyl group may also be written -CO 2 H.

31. Carboxylic ester Carboxylic ester: a derivative of a carboxylic acid in which the H of the carboxyl group is replaced by a carbon group.

33. Summary of Topics: Chapter 1 What is Organic Chemistry? Structural formulas  Lewis, condensed, line-angle Constitutional isomers Functional groups