1. Metra Mess- und Frequenztechnik Radebeul / Germany www.MMF.de1 Piezoelectric Accelerometers Theory & Application

2. Metra Mess- und Frequenztechnik Radebeul / Germany www.MMF.de2 Piezoelectric Effect Piezoceramics or Quartz generate a charge output when subjected to force.

3. Metra Mess- und Frequenztechnik Radebeul / Germany www.MMF.de3 Piezoelectric Accelerometer A piezoelectric accelerometer consists of a piezoelectric material and a seismic mass. The charge output is proportional to acceleration.

4. Metra Mess- und Frequenztechnik Radebeul / Germany www.MMF.de4 Accelerometer Design Example: Shear type accelerometer with ring-shaped piezoceramics. The inertial force of a seismic mass generates an electric signal at the electrodes of the piezo material.

5. Metra Mess- und Frequenztechnik Radebeul / Germany www.MMF.de5 Other Types of Vibration Sensors Comparison with piezoelectric accelerometers: Sensor TypeAdvantagesDisadvantages Piezoresistive (strain gauge) Measures static acceleration Robust Limited resolution Only up to some kHz Power supply required Electrodynamic Measures static acceleration Only for low frequencies Capacitive Measures static acceleration Cheap manufacturing by semiconductor process Low resolution Fragile

6. Metra Mess- und Frequenztechnik Radebeul / Germany www.MMF.de6 Advantages of Piezoelectric Accelerometers  Extremely wide dynamic range, almost free of noise - suitable for shock measurement as well as for almost imperceptible vibration  Excellent linearity over full dynamic range  Wide frequency range, high frequencies can be measured  Compact yet highly sensitive  No moving parts – long service life  Self-generating - no external power required But … they cannot measure static acceleration.

7. Metra Mess- und Frequenztechnik Radebeul / Germany www.MMF.de7 Charge Mode and ICP  Accelerometers Charge mode accelerometers provide the direct charge output of the piezo material. Disadvantage of charge output: Maximum cable length 10 m, special low-noise cables required. ICP  compatible accelerometers have a built-in amplifier. Advantage of ICP  : Cables of several hundred meters length possible, standard coaxial cables can be used.

8. Metra Mess- und Frequenztechnik Radebeul / Germany www.MMF.de8 Characteristics: Sensitivity The sensitivity of charge mode accelerometers is measured in pC per m/s² or pC per g. Typical range: 0.1 – 100 pC/ms² or 1 –1000 pC/g The sensitivity of ICP  compatible accelerometers is measured in mV per m/s² or mV per g. Typical range: 1 - 1000 mV/ms² or 10 – 10 000 mV/g Sensitivity stated in the data sheet is usually calibrated at 80 Hz.

9. Metra Mess- und Frequenztechnik Radebeul / Germany www.MMF.de9 Characteristics: Frequency Response A typical accelerometer has a resonance at 10 – 30 kHz For 3 dB accuracy it can be used up to approx. 50 % of this resonant frequency.

10. Metra Mess- und Frequenztechnik Radebeul / Germany www.MMF.de10 Selecting an Accelerometer Model (1) Acceleration to be measured: Very low  Seismic Accelerometers (...µm/s² to 1 m/s² Medium  Standard Accelerometers (1 to 10 000 m/s²) Very high  Shock Accelerometers (> 10 000 m/s²) KB12 KS76 KD93 Examples:

11. Metra Mess- und Frequenztechnik Radebeul / Germany www.MMF.de11 Selecting an Accelerometer Model (2) Weight: The weight of an accelerometer should not exceed 10 % of the test object weight. Very light  Miniature Accelerometers (weight < 5 grams) Examples: KS91 KS94

12. Metra Mess- und Frequenztechnik Radebeul / Germany www.MMF.de12 Selecting an Accelerometer Model (3) Environmental Conditions: Humidity and Dust  Industrial Accelerometers (with protection grade IP67 and higher) Grounding Problems / Ground Loops  Industrial Accelerometers (with insulated case) Example: KS80

13. Metra Mess- und Frequenztechnik Radebeul / Germany www.MMF.de13 Accelerometer Mounting Methods

14. Metra Mess- und Frequenztechnik Radebeul / Germany www.MMF.de14 Typical Mounting Errors For best performance, particularly at high frequencies, the accelerometer base and the test object should have clean, flat, smooth, unscratched and burr-free surfaces. A stiff mechanical connection between the sensor and the test object is important. Sheet metal or plastic parts and other thin and flexible components are unsuited for accelerometer mounting.

15. Metra Mess- und Frequenztechnik Radebeul / Germany www.MMF.de15 Instrumentation for Charge Mode Sensors Charge mode accelerometers require a charge amplifier input. A charge amplifier is a differential amplifier with capacitive feedback.

16. Metra Mess- und Frequenztechnik Radebeul / Germany www.MMF.de16 Instrumentation for ICP  Accelerometers Accelerometers with integrated ICP  electronics require a constant current supply of 2 - 20 mA via the sensor output. The constant current source can be part of the instrument or a separate unit.

17. Metra Mess- und Frequenztechnik Radebeul / Germany www.MMF.de17 Signal Conditioners from Metra M68 series charge & ICP  conditioners M108/116 multichannel ICP  conditioners M32 ICP  conditioner M28 ICP  supply

18. Metra Mess- und Frequenztechnik Radebeul / Germany www.MMF.de18 Accelerometers with TEDS to IEEE1451.4 TEDS = Transducer Electronic Data Sheet New feature for ICP   compatible accelerometers. The accelerometer contains a memory chip which stores:  Model and version number  Serial number  Manufacturer  Type of transducer, physical quantity  Sensitivity  Last calibration date  Identification of the measuring point

19. Metra Mess- und Frequenztechnik Radebeul / Germany www.MMF.de19 Advantages of TEDS Transducers Easier sensor identification, particularly at large channel number. No cable tracking and marking. Automatic calibration of the measuring system. No manual setup of serial number, measured quantity, sensitivity etc. Sensor replacement without setup ("plug & play"). Sensor can be used, even if the printed calibration data sheet is just not at hand.

20. Metra Mess- und Frequenztechnik Radebeul / Germany www.MMF.de20 Accelerometer Calibration Vibration Calibrators from Metra Model VC10Model VC100 Fixed frequency: 159,2 Hz Vibration level: 10 m/s² Max. sensor weight: 500 gr. Battery powered Frequency range: 70 - 10000 Hz Vibration level: 1 m/s² Max. sensor weight: 400 gr. Sensitivity display PC controlled Frequency sweeps