1. CHAPTER 9 ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

2. CAPS requirements
Comparison of South African growth and development in terms of international benchmarks; highlight the North/South divide.
The demand-side approach
The supply-side approach
Evaluation of the approaches used in South Africa
The North/South divide

3. UNIT 1 Growth and Development Policies

4. ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
2 closely linked topics – you can’t have one without the other.
Economic growth: increase in capacity of economy to produce goods and services.
Economic development: sustained actions of policy makers that promote the standard of living and economic health of a country.

5. What’s the difference???
Economic growth is about increasing production.
Economic development is about improving the standard of living.

6. The HDI
GDP is an objective measure, but development is harder to measure. A method that countries use to measure economic development is the Human Development Index (HDI). HDI: measure of a country’s life expectancy, literacy, education, per capita GNI, poverty and environmental sustainability. Classified as very high, high, medium and low.

7. Who do you think made the top 5?
Out of 187 countries, where do you think SA are placed?
Who do you think made the bottom 5?

11. Caused by HIV/AIDS, education, healthcare

12. ↑ in real GDP (economic growth) ↑ in economic development
↑ in wages
↑ in economic development
↑ in education, health

13. Factors influencing developmental policies
State of government finances
Politics: balance needs to be found between the two policies.
Resources: countries must take into account which they have, and decide on how best to use them.

14. Factors that promote economic growth (pollev.com/mrsmith1001)
A greater quality or quantity of resources.
Greater productivity of labour
Improvement of infrastructure
Greater use of technology
Investment in new and existing businesses
Increasing entrepreneurship and establishing more SME’s
Less government corruption and beaurocracy

15. Factors that promote economic development (pollev.com/mrsmith1001)
Policies to reduce poverty
Sufficient gov. finances for welfare payments
↓ waste & corruption in welfare system
↓ unemployment
Improvements to education and healthcare
Improved housing, sanitation, water and power to poor communities
Inspire people to improve their own standard of living

16. UNIT 2 The Demand-Side Approach to Growth and Development

17. The demand side approach
Demand side = fiscal & monetary policy. Attempts to stimulate C,I,G,(X-M) – Keynesian policies Fiscal policy: the use of government revenue collection and expenditure to influence AD and thus the economy. Monetary policy: central bank policy focussing on the quantity of money in economy and level of interest rates.

18. Changing Demand using fiscal policy
Can also increase gov. exp
BUT…Budget deficit shouldn’t exceed 3% of GDP

19. Average: % from 1989 until 2013

20. Progressive tax system Reducing taxes
Fiscal policy can improve economic development through… (pollev.com/mrsmith1001)
Welfare grants
Progressive tax system
Reducing taxes
Use tax revenue from taxes on dividends, capital gains and estate duty to finance development.
Housing subsidy schemes
Providing state education, health and physical infrastructure for all
Means tested benifits
Stimulate employment

21. Financial support and advice for new businesses
Fiscal policy can improve economic growth through… (pollev.com/mrsmith1001)
Infrastructure
Financial support and advice for new businesses
Increasing foreign trade increasing (X-M)
Education and training to improve value added goods/services

22. Changing demand using Monetary Policy

23. UNIT 3 The Supply-Side Approach to Growth and Development

24. Focusses on factors that affect the production capacity of economy.
Done by increasing quality/quantity of factors of production…
Natural resources
Labour
Capital
Entrepreneurial skills

25. Natural resources (Land)
What does SA have a lot of???
Limited supply of minerals – max. value must be derived when they are mined.
Must not negatively affect LT growth potential of region.
E.g. mining vs tourism (ST gain, but LT decline)
Management of renewable resources.
E.g. water and arable land

26. Labour
Quality of labour force affects economic growth. Education and training vital to boost supply side of economy.

27. Capital
No investment in physical production equipment = no production process = no economic growth (increase in capacity/LRAS) Well organised financial system NB for investment. Quality of capital is NB for productivity. Infrastructure

28. Entrepreneurs
Rules and regulations to start a business can limit economic growth. Copied from Facebook last week… To register a new company takes over 5.5months! GDP could probably go up a whole 1% if they just streamlined the process! (2 months to register via CIPC, 2 weeks to open bank account, 6 weeks for income tax registration, 6 weeks for VAT registration).

29. UNIT 4 Evaluation of approaches used in South Africa

30. Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP)
Set up in 1994
Goal - reform social and economic environment
Main strategy: alleviate poverty and address the inequalities in social services

31. Growth, Employment and Redistribution Programme (GEAR)
Macroeconomic strategy from Department of Finance from 1996 – 2001.
Aims…
strengthening economic development
increasing employment
redistributing income
creating socioeconomic opportunities for the poor.

32. Key elements of GEAR
A faster fiscal deficit reduction programme Budget reform to redistribute gov exp to poor A reduction in tariffs Consistent monetary policy Speeding up privatisation Tax incentives to stimulate new investment in labour intensive business

33. Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative for South Africa (AsgiSA)
Launched in 2006.
Objective: to co-ordinate government initiatives to create economic development.
Aims:
halving unemployment and poverty by 2014
Accelerating economic growth to average at least 4,5% (2005 – 2009) & 6% average annual rate between 2010 and 2014.
More value added to products/services, costs of production reduced.

34. The New Growth Path (NGP)
Government’s latest economic policy (Oct 2010)
Targets:
5 million jobs in ten years
Reducing unemployment from 25% -15%.
Achieved through:
monetary policy interventions
More competitive exchange rate and lower cost of capital
reprioritisation of public spending to ensure fiscal sustainability.

35. UNIT 4 Evaluation of approaches used in South Africa

36. The North–South divide

37. North includes…
4/5 permanent members of UN Security Council
all members of the G8

38. Causes of North-South divide
Capitalism
Globalisation
Immigration
Rate of development
New technologies
Financial aid and debt
Large-scale industrial activities vs. primary industries