1. 1 Workshop on APA Style Morning Session I WSU College of Nursing October 24, 2008 Ellen Barton Linguistics/English WSU Director of Composition

2. Workshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing 2 Introduction Why are we here? Why are we here? to consider graduate level writing to consider graduate level writing classes, seminars, exams, DNP projects, PhD dissertations classes, seminars, exams, DNP projects, PhD dissertations to understand faculty expectations to understand faculty expectations state thesis and develop argument state thesis and develop argument papers “suitable for publication” papers “suitable for publication” “know APA backward and forward” “know APA backward and forward” “style as well as format” “style as well as format”

3. Workshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing 3 Overview -- Topics writing process writing process top-down and bottom-up top-down and bottom-up top-down – genres and outlines top-down – genres and outlines bottom-up – language (paragraphs and sentences) and format bottom-up – language (paragraphs and sentences) and format drafts drafts 1 st draft – finding info/outlining 1 st draft – finding info/outlining 2 nd draft – organizing/APA headings 2 nd draft – organizing/APA headings 3 rd draft – editing and formatting 3 rd draft – editing and formatting

4. Workshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing 4 Overview -- Timeline AM – genres and sections AM – genres and sections I. 9:00 – 10:15 – Introduction, Background/Literature Review I. 9:00 – 10:15 – Introduction, Background/Literature Review II. 10:30 – 12:00 – Method, Results, Discussion, Conclusion, Abstract II. 10:30 – 12:00 – Method, Results, Discussion, Conclusion, Abstract PM – language and format PM – language and format III. 1:00 – 2:15 – paragraphs and sentences III. 1:00 – 2:15 – paragraphs and sentences IV. 2:30 – 4:00 – citations and references IV. 2:30 – 4:00 – citations and references

5. Workshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing 5 Genres and Outlines central genre – APA research paper/article/project/dissertation central genre – APA research paper/article/project/dissertation IIntroduction IIntroduction MMethod MMethod RResults RResults DDiscussion DDiscussion other genres – review, theoretical, methodological, case study article other genres – review, theoretical, methodological, case study article assignments – adapted genres assignments – adapted genres

6. Workshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing 6 Genres and Outlines IMRD definitions (APA, 2001, p. 7) IMRD definitions (APA, 2001, p. 7) I – development of the problem under investigation and statement of the purpose of the investigation I – development of the problem under investigation and statement of the purpose of the investigation background background claim (thesis) claim (thesis) M – description of the method used to conduct the investigation M – description of the method used to conduct the investigation R – report of the results R – report of the results D – interpretation and implications of the results D – interpretation and implications of the results

7. Workshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing 7 Introduction -- Outline I. Introduction (APA, 2001, pp. 15-17) I. Introduction (APA, 2001, pp. 15-17) A. introduce the research problem A. introduce the research problem specific problem specific problem B. develop the pertinent background B. develop the pertinent background need for investigation – “gap” need for investigation – “gap” C. state the purpose of the project C. state the purpose of the project define terms define terms state claim (thesis) state claim (thesis)

8. Workshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing 8 Introduction -- Analysis Introduction (Aldridge and Barton, 2007) Introduction (Aldridge and Barton, 2007) A. what is the specific problem statement? A. what is the specific problem statement? what are the categories of literature in the background? what are the categories of literature in the background? B. what is the “gap” statement? B. what is the “gap” statement? C. what is the purpose statement? C. what is the purpose statement? what are the key terms? what are the key terms? what is the claim/thesis? what is the claim/thesis?

9. Workshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing 9 Introduction –Templates A. point to the research problem A. point to the research problem use the word problem use the word problem use contrastive words – however, but, yet, although... use contrastive words – however, but, yet, although... B. point to the gap B. point to the gap organize literature into categories (¶s) organize literature into categories (¶s) identify limitations – few studies, overlooked areas/populations/ variables, methodological flaws... identify limitations – few studies, overlooked areas/populations/ variables, methodological flaws...

10. Workshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing 10 Introduction -- Templates C. highlight the purpose statement – qualitative study (modified from Cresswell, 2003) C. highlight the purpose statement – qualitative study (modified from Cresswell, 2003) The purpose of this __________ (qualitative/ethnographic/case) study was to __________ (understand, describe, analyze, develop) the _________ (central phenomenon being studied) for __________ (participants, site). __________ (central phenomenon) is defined as _________. The major claims of the analysis are ________ (thesis). The purpose of this __________ (qualitative/ethnographic/case) study was to __________ (understand, describe, analyze, develop) the _________ (central phenomenon being studied) for __________ (participants, site). __________ (central phenomenon) is defined as _________. The major claims of the analysis are ________ (thesis).

11. Workshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing 11 Introduction -- Templates C. highlight the purpose statement – quantitative study (modified from Cresswell, 2003) C. highlight the purpose statement – quantitative study (modified from Cresswell, 2003) The purpose of this __________ (clinical/survey) study/research was to ___________ (test/support/determine) the __________ (idea/hypothesis/relationship) that/between __________ (independent variable) and __________ (dependent variables). The major findings of the study are _________ (thesis). The purpose of this __________ (clinical/survey) study/research was to ___________ (test/support/determine) the __________ (idea/hypothesis/relationship) that/between __________ (independent variable) and __________ (dependent variables). The major findings of the study are _________ (thesis).

12. Workshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing 12 Introduction -- Templates quantitative purpose statement (adapted from Thomas, 2008, p. 8) quantitative purpose statement (adapted from Thomas, 2008, p. 8) The Changing Needs of Family Caregivers of Persons with Advanced Cancer The Changing Needs of Family Caregivers of Persons with Advanced Cancer The purpose of the survey research was to determine if there is a relationship between the identified needs of different caregivers and the relationship of the caregiver to the patient, type of cancer the patient was diagnosed with, gender of the caregiver, and other demographic variables. The purpose of the survey research was to determine if there is a relationship between the identified needs of different caregivers and the relationship of the caregiver to the patient, type of cancer the patient was diagnosed with, gender of the caregiver, and other demographic variables.

13. Workshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing 13 Introduction -- Exercise on the Basic APA Style Outline, outline the Introduction to your current research project/paper on the Basic APA Style Outline, outline the Introduction to your current research project/paper A. specific research problem A. specific research problem B. the gap B. the gap C. purpose statement C. purpose statement definition of terms definition of terms main claim(s) (thesis) main claim(s) (thesis) write the purpose statement for your study using the templates write the purpose statement for your study using the templates

14. Workshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing 14 Background/Literature Review types of literature review types of literature review research article Introduction – pertinent literature w/ r. to research problem, gap, and purpose research article Introduction – pertinent literature w/ r. to research problem, gap, and purpose Background – optional section Background – optional section review/theoretical articles – comprehensive and critical review review/theoretical articles – comprehensive and critical review graduate writing assignments – response/synthesis papers, exams, DNP/PhD chapters graduate writing assignments – response/synthesis papers, exams, DNP/PhD chapters thesis—argument structure thesis—argument structure

15. Workshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing 15 Literature Review -- Outline II. Review Article (APA, 2001, pp. 7-8) II. Review Article (APA, 2001, pp. 7-8) A. identify and define topic (problem) A. identify and define topic (problem) thesis (if required for assignment) thesis (if required for assignment) B. summarize previous research B. summarize previous research comprehensive -- organize literature by category/sections/APA headings comprehensive -- organize literature by category/sections/APA headings critical – (a) identify relations among studies; (b) identify gaps, limitations, inconsistencies, and contradictions of studies critical – (a) identify relations among studies; (b) identify gaps, limitations, inconsistencies, and contradictions of studies C. discuss current/future research C. discuss current/future research

16. Workshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing 16 Literature Review -- Analysis Background (Aldridge and Barton, 2007) Background (Aldridge and Barton, 2007) A. what is the specific topic of the literature review in the Background? A. what is the specific topic of the literature review in the Background? B. how are the comprehensive summaries organized? B. how are the comprehensive summaries organized? study, method, key findings study, method, key findings why different lengths? why different lengths? C. what is the critical perspective? C. what is the critical perspective? (hint: it’s just one word!) (hint: it’s just one word!)

17. Workshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing 17 Organizing the Lit Review A. topic – specific working title A. topic – specific working title include only relevant studies include only relevant studies B. summarize the previous research B. summarize the previous research 1. summarize each study -- full citation 1. summarize each study -- full citation study purpose, method, key results study purpose, method, key results 2. write a comment on each study 2. write a comment on each study relation to other studies relation to other studies gaps/limitations/flaws in study gaps/limitations/flaws in study

18. Workshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing 18 Organizing the Lit Review B. organize the previous research B. organize the previous research 3. categorize summaries – sections 3. categorize summaries – sections literature map (Cresswell, 2003) literature map (Cresswell, 2003) 4. outline a concluding paragraph for each category/section 4. outline a concluding paragraph for each category/section relations among studies in category relations among studies in category gaps/limitations/flaws in category of studies gaps/limitations/flaws in category of studies

19. Workshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing 19 Organizing the Literature Review C. outline a discussion section C. outline a discussion section 1. general directions and limitations of previous research 1. general directions and limitations of previous research 2. suggestions for future research 2. suggestions for future research including your project! including your project! use words to indicate relations (adds, also finds, continues, expands, confirms, questions, does not find, contradicts, …) use words to indicate relations (adds, also finds, continues, expands, confirms, questions, does not find, contradicts, …) use words to indicate gaps and limitations (however, limitations, does not investigate/consider, fails to, flaws of …) use words to indicate gaps and limitations (however, limitations, does not investigate/consider, fails to, flaws of …)

20. Workshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing 20 Organizing the Lit Review assignments – lit review w/ thesis assignments – lit review w/ thesis use the writing process to find your thesis use the writing process to find your thesis 1 st draft – summarize/categorize/ critique studies and categories 1 st draft – summarize/categorize/ critique studies and categories draft the discussion section draft the discussion section 2 nd draft – look to 1 st draft discussion section to find your thesis! 2 nd draft – look to 1 st draft discussion section to find your thesis! move to Intro to focus argument move to Intro to focus argument

21. Workshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing 21 Organizing the Lit Review sample thesis statements sample thesis statements Thomas (2008, p. 10) Thomas (2008, p. 10) However, a review of the literature will allow the reader to appreciate the advances that have been made in assisting the family caregiver, as well as identify areas that still need to be addressed. However, a review of the literature will allow the reader to appreciate the advances that have been made in assisting the family caregiver, as well as identify areas that still need to be addressed. Crawford (2008, p. 4) Crawford (2008, p. 4) This paper will examine the disparities of pain management and the indigent.... Nurses who provide client-centered care can better recognize and assist a client with their pain. This paper will examine the disparities of pain management and the indigent.... Nurses who provide client-centered care can better recognize and assist a client with their pain.

22. Workshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing 22 Organizing the Literature Review 2nd draft -- APA headings (APA, 2001, pp. 111- 115, pp. 289-290) 2nd draft -- APA headings (APA, 2001, pp. 111- 115, pp. 289-290) hierarchy of ideas – sequence and importance (Lit Review headings handout) hierarchy of ideas – sequence and importance (Lit Review headings handout) levels of heading – 2, *3*, 4, 5 levels of heading – 2, *3*, 4, 5 Level 1 Level 1 Level 2 Level 2 Level 3. Level 3. Level 2 Level 2

23. Workshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing 23 Literature Review -- Exercise on the Basic APA Style Outline, write a specific working title for your lit review on the Basic APA Style Outline, write a specific working title for your lit review outline categories for your lit review outline categories for your lit review convert categories to APA headings convert categories to APA headings write a summary-critique of one study write a summary-critique of one study sentence 1 – study, method, results sentence 1 – study, method, results sentence 2 – relation to other studies and/or gaps/limitations of the study sentence 2 – relation to other studies and/or gaps/limitations of the study

24. Workshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing 24 Genres and Sections Introduction Introduction specific problem, pertinent literature (gap), purpose statement (thesis) specific problem, pertinent literature (gap), purpose statement (thesis) Background/Literature Review Background/Literature Review specific topic and thesis, previous research, discussion specific topic and thesis, previous research, discussion categories/sections/APA headings categories/sections/APA headings summaries (purpose, method, key results) summaries (purpose, method, key results) critical perspective (relations and/or gaps/limitations) critical perspective (relations and/or gaps/limitations)