1. Workshop on APA Style Morning Session II WSU College of Nursing October 24, 2008 Ellen Barton Linguistics/English WSU Director of Composition

2. BartonWorkshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing Overview -- Topics writing process writing process top-down and bottom-up top-down and bottom-up top-down – genres and outlines top-down – genres and outlines bottom-up – language (paragraphs and sentences) and format bottom-up – language (paragraphs and sentences) and format drafts drafts 1 st draft – finding info/outlining 1 st draft – finding info/outlining 2 nd draft – organizing/APA headings 2 nd draft – organizing/APA headings 3 rd draft – editing and formatting 3 rd draft – editing and formatting

3. BartonWorkshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing Genres and Sections IMRD definitions (APA, 2001, p. 7) IMRD definitions (APA, 2001, p. 7) I – development of the problem under investigation and statement of the purpose of the investigation I – development of the problem under investigation and statement of the purpose of the investigation background background claim (thesis) claim (thesis) M – description of the method used to conduct the investigation M – description of the method used to conduct the investigation R – report of the results R – report of the results D – interpretation and implications of the results D – interpretation and implications of the results

4. BartonWorkshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing Method -- Outline Method Section (APA, 2001, pp. 17-20) Method Section (APA, 2001, pp. 17-20) Method Method Site Site Participants and Sample Participants and Sample Procedure Procedure Data collection. Data collection. Data analysis. Data analysis. APA Headings (APA, 2001, pp. 111-115, pp. 289- 290) APA Headings (APA, 2001, pp. 111-115, pp. 289- 290)

5. BartonWorkshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing Method -- Analysis Method -- qualitative study (Aldridge and Barton, 2007) Method -- qualitative study (Aldridge and Barton, 2007) levels and topics of headings levels and topics of headings data collection – qualitative study data collection – qualitative study participants participants sample and limitations sample and limitations data analysis – discourse analysis data analysis – discourse analysis introduction, steps, sample analysis (Figure 1, Figure 2) introduction, steps, sample analysis (Figure 1, Figure 2) Method – quantitative study (Thomas, 2008) (handout) Method – quantitative study (Thomas, 2008) (handout)

6. BartonWorkshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing Method -- Exercise Method Method on the Basic APA Style Outline, outline the subsections/headings you expect to be in your Method section, using APA style on the Basic APA Style Outline, outline the subsections/headings you expect to be in your Method section, using APA style in Procedure, what will you include in data collection? in data analysis? in Procedure, what will you include in data collection? in data analysis? outline key phrases outline key phrases

7. BartonWorkshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing Results – Outline Results section (APA, 2001, pp. 20-26) Results section (APA, 2001, pp. 20-26) Results Results data and analysis data and analysis data tables – report data data tables – report data graphical figures – represent relationships graphical figures – represent relationships statistical analysis (for quantitative) statistical analysis (for quantitative) interpretive analysis (for qualitative) interpretive analysis (for qualitative)

8. BartonWorkshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing Results – Analysis Results (Aldridge & Barton, 2007) Results (Aldridge & Barton, 2007) overview and “roadmap ¶” overview and “roadmap ¶” Results Results References to Negative Outcomes References to Negative Outcomes examples and Table 1 examples and Table 1 Possible Treatment Options Possible Treatment Options examples and Table 2 examples and Table 2 Summary Sections Summary Sections examples and Table 3 examples and Table 3

9. BartonWorkshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing Results -- Templates overview – use parallel structure to introduce major findings/headings overview – use parallel structure to introduce major findings/headings This difference can be seen across three features, including (a), (b), (c) … This difference can be seen across three features, including (a), (b), (c) … data -- tell reader what to look for data -- tell reader what to look for as shown in Table 2, as shown in Table 2, figures -- explain relationships figures -- explain relationships To give a sense of the structure and content of Phase 2 in EOL discussions, two coded excerpts are presented in Figures 1 and 2. (example from Method) To give a sense of the structure and content of Phase 2 in EOL discussions, two coded excerpts are presented in Figures 1 and 2. (example from Method)

10. BartonWorkshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing Results and Discussion Results and Discussion Results and Discussion combine data, data analysis, and discussion w/in category/heading combine data, data analysis, and discussion w/in category/heading qualitative study – analysis and discussion of RQs/themes qualitative study – analysis and discussion of RQs/themes quantitative study – analysis and discussion of hypotheses quantitative study – analysis and discussion of hypotheses usually followed by a Conclusion section usually followed by a Conclusion section

11. BartonWorkshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing Results -- Exercise Results Results on the Basic APA Style Outline, outline a “roadmap ¶” for what you expect to be your major findings on the Basic APA Style Outline, outline a “roadmap ¶” for what you expect to be your major findings outline the categories of findings (use parallel structure for major finding (a), (b), (c), …) outline the categories of findings (use parallel structure for major finding (a), (b), (c), …) outline the subsections of your Results section, using APA headings outline the subsections of your Results section, using APA headings

12. BartonWorkshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing Discussion – Outline Discussion section (APA, 2001, pp. 26-27) Discussion section (APA, 2001, pp. 26-27) A. summary w/ r. to original purpose/ RQs/hypotheses A. summary w/ r. to original purpose/ RQs/hypotheses B. similarities and differences in terms of the research literature B. similarities and differences in terms of the research literature C. examine, interpret, and qualify results C. examine, interpret, and qualify results theoretical consequences theoretical consequences implications implications limitations (here or in Conclusion) limitations (here or in Conclusion) importance (here or in Conclusion) importance (here or in Conclusion)

13. BartonWorkshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing Discussion -- Analysis Discussion (Aldridge & Barton, 2007) Discussion (Aldridge & Barton, 2007) summary of major finding(s) summary of major finding(s) interpretation of major finding(s) interpretation of major finding(s) “accumulation of negative evidence” “accumulation of negative evidence” implication of major finding implication of major finding “appropriate discourse strategy” “appropriate discourse strategy” qualification of major finding qualification of major finding issue of “treatment imperative” issue of “treatment imperative”

14. BartonWorkshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing Discussion -- Exercise Discussion Discussion on the Basic APA Style Outline, outline a summary of what you expect to be your major finding(s) on the Basic APA Style Outline, outline a summary of what you expect to be your major finding(s) (look back at your Purpose statement!) (look back at your Purpose statement!) outline an interpretation of the major finding(s) outline an interpretation of the major finding(s)

15. BartonWorkshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing Conclusion -- Outline Conclusion section Conclusion section A. limitations A. limitations method, analysis, generalization method, analysis, generalization B. importance B. importance relation of research findings to larger issues relation of research findings to larger issues applications of research findings applications of research findings e.g., clinical applications e.g., clinical applications

16. BartonWorkshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing Conclusion -- Analysis Conclusion (Aldridge & Barton, 2007) Conclusion (Aldridge & Barton, 2007) limitations limitations data -- single communicative event data -- single communicative event analysis -- medical uncertainty analysis -- medical uncertainty generalization -- small sample generalization -- small sample importance importance first study in terms of outcomes first study in terms of outcomes clinical application – ethical discourse strategy for EOL discussions clinical application – ethical discourse strategy for EOL discussions

17. BartonWorkshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing Conclusion -- Exercise Conclusion Conclusion on the Basic APA Style Outline, outline 2-3 limitation sentences: on the Basic APA Style Outline, outline 2-3 limitation sentences: The first limitation of this research is... The first limitation of this research is... outline a concluding sentence indicating the importance of your research: outline a concluding sentence indicating the importance of your research: The importance of this research is... The importance of this research is...

18. BartonWorkshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing Abstract -- Outline IMRD Abstract (120 words) IMRD Abstract (120 words) A. research problem A. research problem B. participants B. participants C. method C. method D. major findings D. major findings E. conclusions, implications, applications E. conclusions, implications, applications write the abstract last! (APA, 2001, pp. 12-15) write the abstract last! (APA, 2001, pp. 12-15)

19. BartonWorkshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing Abstract -- Outline Lit Review Abstract (120 words) Lit Review Abstract (120 words) A. topic (problem) A. topic (problem) B. purpose (thesis) B. purpose (thesis) C. organization, scope (comprehensive, selected) and sources C. organization, scope (comprehensive, selected) and sources D. conclusions (major points in critical perspective) D. conclusions (major points in critical perspective) write the abstract last! (APA, 2001, pp. 12-15) write the abstract last! (APA, 2001, pp. 12-15)

20. BartonWorkshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing Writing in APA Style planning and 1 st draft planning and 1 st draft make a basic APA style outline (handout) make a basic APA style outline (handout) Introduction – problem, literature gap, purpose (terms, claim/thesis) Introduction – problem, literature gap, purpose (terms, claim/thesis) Background – literature review Background – literature review categories categories Method – site, participants, procedure Method – site, participants, procedure data collection data collection data analysis data analysis

21. BartonWorkshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing Writing in APA Style Results – overview, major findings Results – overview, major findings data (tables?) data (tables?) data analysis (figures?) data analysis (figures?) Discussion – summary, literature, interpretation, implications Discussion – summary, literature, interpretation, implications Conclusion – limitations, importance, applications Conclusion – limitations, importance, applications then, write the 1 st draft! then, write the 1 st draft!

22. BartonWorkshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing Writing in APA Style revising to 2 nd draft revising to 2 nd draft organize paper into APA headings organize paper into APA headings organize materials w/in sections/ headings and paragraphs (¶s) organize materials w/in sections/ headings and paragraphs (¶s) note: specific assignments note: specific assignments convert assignment into outline convert assignment into outline outline and write 1 st draft outline and write 1 st draft revise to 2 nd draft revise to 2 nd draft focus on thesis statement! focus on thesis statement!

23. BartonWorkshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing Writing in APA Style READ READ read journal articles in your program read journal articles in your program absorb APA style in use absorb APA style in use use primary sources (journal articles) for your research use primary sources (journal articles) for your research WRITE WRITE plan time to write multiple drafts plan time to write multiple drafts 1 st draft –outline and write 1 st draft –outline and write 2 nd draft – revise w/in APA headings 2 nd draft – revise w/in APA headings