1. TEMPO 3rd Science Team Meeting The University of Alabama in Huntsville
IGAC’s newest Activity:
Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report (TOAR)
Global metrics for climate change, human health and
crop/ecosystem research
Owen R. Cooper CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, USA
TEMPO 3rd Science Team Meeting
May 27 and 28, 2015
The University of Alabama in Huntsville

2. What is the current state of our understanding of tropospheric ozone?
IPCC AR5 provided an update on the present-day distribution and trends of tropospheric ozone.
But, in just 900 words …..

5. A new paper attempts to provide a more lengthy, but readable overview of present day tropospheric ozone:
Recently published in a new open-access, non-profit journal supported by U.S. universities:
Dartmouth
Georgia Institute of Technology
University of Colorado Boulder
University of Michigan
University of Washington
It’s a good start, but how much can you really say in 20 journal pages?

6. Anthropogenic emissions upwind of the USA are changing rapidly
Tropospheric NO2 column data from the GOME and SCIAMACHY sensors were freely downloaded from:
For methodology see:
Boersma, K. F., et al. (2004), Error analysis for tropospheric NO2 retrieval from space, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D04311,
Richter, A., et al.(2005), Increase in tropospheric nitrogen dioxide over China observed from space, Nature, 437

7. Anthropogenic emissions upwind of the USA are changing rapidly
Tropospheric NO2 column data from the GOME and SCIAMACHY sensors were freely downloaded from:
For methodology see:
Boersma, K. F., et al. (2004), Error analysis for tropospheric NO2 retrieval from space, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D04311,
Richter, A., et al.(2005), Increase in tropospheric nitrogen dioxide over China observed from space, Nature, 437
Parrish, D. D. et al (2013), Lower tropospheric ozone at northern midlatitudes: Changing seasonal cycle, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 1631–1636, doi: /grl

8. >160 scientists from 33 nations, representing all 7 continents
IGAC’s newest Activity:
Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report (TOAR)
Global metrics for climate change, human health and
crop/ecosystem research
Mission:
Provide the research community with an up-to-date global assessment of tropospheric ozone’s distribution and trends from the surface to the tropopause.
Facilitate access to the ozone metrics necessary for quantifying ozone’s impact on human health and crop/ecosystem productivity.
>160 scientists from 33 nations, representing all 7 continents
Stakeholders:

9. TOAR Member Nations

10. TOAR Goals
Produce the first tropospheric ozone assessment report based on the peer-reviewed literature and new analyses.
2) Generate easily accessible, documented data on ozone exposure and dose metrics at hundreds of measurement sites around the world (urban and non-urban), freely accessible for research on the global-scale impact of ozone on climate, human health and crop/ecosystem productivity.

11. TOAR Ozone Metrics
The TOAR database will contain various ozone metrics at thousands of surface sites around the world. The full suite of metrics is still being developed but some key metrics that will be included are:
Human Health:
- Maximum daily 8-hour average
  - Maximum daily 1-hour average
Vegetation:
- Cumulative Exposure Index: W126
- Cumulative Exposure Index: AOT40
- Flux-Based Index: PODy (will only be calculated for a limited number of sites due to the need for additional meteorological and soil parameters)
Climate Change:
- Monthly means, medians and various percentiles at rural sites
- Monthly and seasonal mean vertical profiles where data are available

12. TOAR Organization
TOAR is a science effort initiated by IGAC, and developed by an international team of experts.
TOAR receives financial and logistical support from
- IGAC
- The World Meteorological Organization
- US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Coordinated by an eleven-member Steering Committee
The assessment report will be published as a series of 8 stand-alone chapters in a special issue of a peer-reviewed, open-access journal.

13. TOAR work-flow diagram

14. The TOAR Database is up and running
The TOAR Database is up and running Courtesy: Martin Schultz and Olga Lyapina Forschungszentrum Jülich

16. Timeline December 2014: TOAR Workshop 1.01 in Boulder
February – March, 2015: Preliminary organization of TOAR chapter author teams and working groups.
February – December 2015: Collect ozone observations and populate TOAR database, begin work on calculating ozone metrics around the world
April 28-30, 2015: TOAR Workshop 1.02, Madrid, Spain
December 2015: Produce first draft of assessment report
January 2016: Workshop 1.03 – location to-be-determined
December 2016: Submit assessment report to a peer-reviewed journal and perform any necessary updates to the ozone metrics on the database

17. TOAR Workshop 1.02
April 28-30, 2015
Agencia Estatal de Meteorología (AEMET), Madrid, Spain

18. Possible surface Sites for TOAR
Possible surface ozone monitoring sites across South Asia
As identified by the South Asia Working Group, led by:
Manish Naja, AIRES, Nainital, India
Rajesh Kumar, NCAR, Boulder
Possible surface
Sites for TOAR

19. Possible surface ozone monitoring sites across Asia
As identified by the Asia Working Group, led by:
Hiroshi Tanimoto, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan

20. How TOAR can benefit from TEMPO
TOAR will be published by mid-2017, too early for TEMPO
However, TOAR II is a strong possibility.
TEMPO can provide much needed information on free tropospheric ozone above North America

21. How TOAR can benefit from TEMPO
Presently, in situ data for monitoring ozone trends above western N. America are only available with sufficient frequency in spring.
20 years ( ) of free tropospheric (3-8 km) ozone observations above western N. America in springtime.
Update to:
Cooper et al. (2012), Long-term ozone trends at rural ozone monitoring sites across the United States, 1990–2010, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D22307

22. How TOAR can benefit from TEMPO
The OMI/MLS instruments on NASA’s AURA satellite have monitored tropospheric ozone since 2004.
10.25 years of data show that ozone has increased significantly in both hemispheres.
Is ten years of data enough considering the influence of ENSO on ozone?
OMI/MLS data processed by J. Ziemke, NASA GSFC.
Cooper, O., and J. Ziemke (2015): [Global Climate] Tropospheric Ozone [in "State of the Climate in 2014"]. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., in-preparation.

23. How TOAR can benefit from TEMPO
To this plot TOAR will add tropospheric ozone retrievals from:
GOME/GOME-2: future
IASI: future
FTIR ground-based sensors: 1980s – future
TEMPO (N. America only): – the future