1. Writing A Research Article/ Report for Publication
Prof. H.C Rawat
Principal,
UCON, BFUHS, Faridkot
Editor –In – Chief ,
BFUNJ, Journal of NRSI,

2. Disseminating the evidence:Writing Research Papers

3. Conducting Research in Medical and Nursing Sciences is not means to an end.
Disseminating the Research evidences is very important aspect in research for improving quality client care

4. Disseminating evidence
Disseminating is getting the message about research and their outcomes to users who need to know about it
When disseminating research you need to think about:
Methods - ways that you will get the message out
Audience – to whom you need to reach

5. Methods for disseminating research
Common or standard ways are:
Writing reports
Writing a summary of the larger report
Publishing in professional journals, magazines or on Internet websites
Publishing in professional association newsletters, magazines or on Internet websites
Writing a chapter in a book or writing a whole book
Conferences or seminar papers and workshops
Presenting a ‘poster’ at a conference or seminar – a short summary of the research and its outcomes on a large poster

6. Methods for disseminating research
THEME 2: Unit 5 - Part F
Methods for disseminating research
Other Different ways include:
Writing a leaflet or short brochure (2-4 pages)
Creating a poster that gives a summary of the project using words and pictures
Holding workshops and inviting specific groups who may be interested in the research.
Talking on radio – this may include inviting people to call in and discuss the outcomes with you
Appearing on TV
PRESENTATION:
There are also more imaginative ways that can make the research and its outcomes easier to read or understand
Present above points, then say: It is important to write the outcomes in a range of formats that are easy to read and understand for the group you are trying to reach.
Trainer Notes

7. Why write and publish research papers?
Ideally –
to share research findings and discoveries with the hope of improving quality healthcare/cost effective quality client care.
Practically –
to get a degree
to get funding
to get promoted
to get a job
to keep your job!

8. Why do you need to write Papers

9. “Scientists are rated by what they finish, not by what they attempt”

10. Writing the manuscript
The hardest part is getting started.

11. What makes a good research paper?
Good science
Good writing
Publication in good journals

12. What constitutes good science?
Novel – new and not resembling something formerly known or used (can be novel but not important)
Mechanistic/Experiment – testing a hypothesis - determining the fundamental processes involved in or responsible for an action, reaction, or other natural phenomenon
Descriptive – describes how are things, but does not test how things work – hypotheses are not tested.

13. Characteristics of Good Research Report
Conciseness , clarity, honesty , completeness ,
and accuracy.
Contain objective description of the whole research project in step by step manner.
Information to be authentic, accurate and reliable.
contain information which is unbiased
Avoid jargons

14. Characteristics of Good Research Report
Conciseness , clarity, honesty , completeness ,
and accuracy.
Contain objective description of the whole research project in step by step manner.
Information to be authentic, accurate and reliable.
contain information which is unbiased
Avoid jargons

15. 5 ‘C’ of Effective Report
Correct information presented
Complete information
Concise descriptions
Clear explanations – no misunderstandings
Convincing conclusions

16. GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR WRITING THE RESEARCH REPORT:
Language: Simple , clear , concise
Gender: Avoid sexiest language
Racial & Ethnic Identity
Disabilities: Do not equate people with their disability
Age: Acceptable terms are young man, older person
Editorial style

17. Things to consider before writing
Time to write the paper?
- has a significant advancement been made?
- is the hypothesis straightforward?
- did the experiments test the hypothesis?
- are the controls appropriate and sufficient?
- can you describe the study in 3 to 5 minutes?
- can the key message be written in 5 to 10 sentences?
Tables and figures
- must be clear and concise
- should be self-explanatory
Read references
- will help in choosing journal
- better insight into possible reviewers

18. Things to consider before writing
Choose journal
study “instructions to authors”
think about possible reviewers
quality of journal “impact factor”

19. Where to publish?
Match your manuscript with the most appropriate journal
Assess what is the impact on the quality status of the journal
Assess what is the impact factor

20. Things to consider before writing
Tentative title and summary
Authorship Criteria
All persons designated as authors should qualify for authorship
Each author should have participated sufficiently in the work to take public responsibility for appropriate portions of the content.
One or more authors should take responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole, from inception to published article.

21. Sections of A Report Broad Divisions Individual Sections
Preliminary material
Title of Report
Table of Contents
Abstract
Body of report
Introduction
Literature Review
Methodology
Results
Discussion
Conclusion/Recommendations
Supplementary material
References/ Bibliography
Appendices

22. Report format-IMRAD model
Introduction
Methodology
Results
Discussions
Report format-IMRAD model

23. Parts of a manuscript/Paper
Title
Abstract
Introduction and Background of study
Material and Methods
Results
Discussion/Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References

24. Title Will determine whether paper gets read
Avoid long title (see journal rules)
Avoid abbreviations
Title format:
“ Analgesic effect of Breastfeeding vs skin to skin contact on pain related to heel prick in neonates”
“The role of heat in melting ice”

25. Abstract State main objectives Summarize most important results
Critical part of paper
State main objectives
Summarize most important results
State major conclusions and significance
Avoid acronyms
Write and rewrite until flawless

26. Introduction and Background of study
Build case for why study is important/necessary
Provide brief background of research study
State hypothesis / central question
Give a one sentence summary of findings
Limitations
Definition of Terms

27. Methods and materials
Best to begin writing when experiments still in progress.
Should be detailed enough so results can be repeated
by others.
Reference published methods where appropriate.
Include animal/human use approval information.
Use descriptive subheadings
Animals/human
Surgical procedures/interventions

28. Results Briefly repeating protocols can be effective
Tables and figures must be straight forward and
concise
Present main findings referring to tables/figures.
Do not speculate or over discuss results.

29. Discussion/Conclusion
First answer question posed in introduction
Relate your conclusion to existing knowledge
Discuss weaknesses and discrepancies
Explain what is new without exaggerating
Do not repeat results
Conclusion/summary, perspectives

30. References Relevant and recent Be highly selective Read the references
Do not misquote
Use correct style for journal

31. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN REFERENCE AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bibliography is a list of all materials that have consulted while conducting a research study or writing an academic article, paper or book based on research.
References, on the other hand are those that have been directly referred to and referenced in research report, article or book.

32. Words and expressions to avoid
Jargon Preferred use
a considerable amount of much
on account of because
a number of several
Referred to as called
In a number of cases some
Has the capacity to can
It is clear that clearly
It is apparent that apparently
Employ use
Fabricate make

33. Develop a good writing style
Read well written articles
Try to get good writers to review
Learn from editing changes

34. Revise, revise and revise
All authors should participate
Review order of data presentation
Polish the writing style
Double check references
Look for typos
Double check spelling

35. Submission Conflict of interest
Read instructions of journals carefully
Fill out all necessary forms
Copyright transfer
Conflict of interest
Write cover letter (suggest reviewers)
Confirm receipt after 6 weeks or according to norms of respective journal

36. “ The Seven Deadly Sins”
Data manipulation, falsification
Duplicate manuscripts
Redundant publication
Plagiarism
Author conflicts of interest
Animal use concerns
Humans use concerns

37. Tips
Know the journal, its editors, and why you submitted the paper there
Pay close attention to spelling, grammar, and punctuation
Make sure references are comprehensive and accurate
Avoid careless mistakes
Read and conform to “Instructions for Authors” by a particular journal

38. Getting a paper published
Competition for space in journals is intense
Cost of publication is high.
Rejection rates vary

39. Major reasons for rejection
Confirmatory (not novel)
Poor experimental design
- Poor controls
- Hypothesis not adequately tested
Inappropriate for journal
Poorly written

40. Format For Writing Research Reports
(A)Preliminary material or front matter of the research report
Title of Report
Table of Contents
Abstract

41. B) Main Body of the research report
Introduction and Background of study
Literature review
Need of the study
Research problem
Objectives
Hypothesis/assumptions
Operational definitions
Conceptual framework
Methodology
Discussion/Conclusions/Recommendations

42. C) Supplementary material
Bibliography /References
Tables
Figures
Appendices

43. What is written without effort is in general read without pleasure.  
~Samuel Johnson