1. Paola Gianotti - LNF Antiproton Physics @ GSI  Overview of the GSI Future Project  Scientific Areas and Goals  The Antiproton Physics Program Charmonium spectroscopy Hybrids and glueballs Medium modification of hadrons Hypernuclei Further topics  The PANDA Detector concept  Conlcusions

2. Present GSI Facility Energies Linear acc.: UNILAC < 20 MeV/u Heavy-ion sync.: SIS 1-2 GeV/u Storage&Cooler: ESR < 0.8 GeV/u UNILAC SIS FRS ESR 3 injectors HSI:8mA Ar 1+ 18mA Ar 10+ 15mA U 4+ 2.5mA U 28+ 0.5mA U 73+ Upgrade towards the Future Facility Freqency (power): 0.3 Hz 3 Hz Space charge reduction (vacuum): U 73+ U 28+

3. UNILAC SIS FRS ESR SIS 100/200 HESR Super FRS NESR CR p Target GSI Future Facility Primary Beams 238 U 28+ 1.5 GeV/u; 10 12 /s ions/pulse 30 GeV protons; 2.5x10 13 /s 238 U 73+ up to 25 (- 35) GeV/u; 10 10 /s Secondary Beams Broad range of radioactive beams up to 1.5 - 2 GeV/u Antiprotons 3 (0) - 30 GeV Storage and Cooler Rings Radioactive beams e – A collider 10 11 stored and cooled p 0.8 - 14.5 GeV Cooled beams Rapidly cycling superconducting magnets Key Technical Features From protons to uranium - In future also atiprotons From 1MeV/u to 2 GeV/u - In future up to 30 GeV/u 10 9 to 10 11 particles/cycle - In future 10 12 particles/cycle 0.1Hz to 1Hz repetition rate - In future up to 3 Hz From protons to uranium - In future also atiprotons From 1MeV/u to 2 GeV/u - In future up to 30 GeV/u 10 9 to 10 11 particles/cycle - In future 10 12 particles/cycle 0.1Hz to 1Hz repetition rate - In future up to 3 Hz

4. Research Activities at the GSI Future Facility Structure and Dynamics of Nuclei: Radioactive Beams Nucleonic matter Nuclear astrophysics Fundamental symmetries

5. Research Activities at the GSI Future Facility Structure and Dynamics of Nuclei: Radioactive Beams Nucleonic matter Nuclear astrophysics Fundamental symmetries Nuclear Matter and Quark Gluon Plasma: Relativistic HI Beams Nuclear phase diagram Compressed nuclear/strange matter Deconfinement and chiral symmetry

6. Research Activities at the GSI Future Facility Nuclear Matter and Quark Gluon Plasma: Relativistic HI Beams Nuclear phase diagram Compressed nuclear/strange matter Deconfinement and chiral symmetry Structure and Dynamics of Nuclei: Radioactive Beams Nucleonic matter Nuclear astrophysics Fundamental symmetries Hadron Structure and Quark Gluon Dynamics: Antiprotons Non-pertubative QCD Quark-gluon degrees of freedom Confinement and chiral symmetry Hypernuclear physics

7. Research Activities at the GSI Future Facility Nuclear Matter and Quark Gluon Plasma: Relativistic HI Beams Nuclear phase diagram Compressed nuclear/strange matter Deconfinement and chiral symmetry Structure and Dynamics of Nuclei: Radioactive Beams Nucleonic matter Nuclear astrophysics Fundamental symmetries Hadron Structure and Quark Gluon Dynamics: Antiprotons Non-pertubative QCD Quark-gluon degrees of freedom Confinement and chiral symmetry Hypernuclear physics Physics of Dense Plasmas and Bulk Matter: Bunch Compression Properties of high density plasmas Phase transitions and equation of state Laser - ion interaction with and in plasmas

8. SIS 18 Ion Beam Heating Jupiter Sun Surface Magnetic Fusion solid state density Temperature [eV] Density [cm -3 ] Laser Heating PHELIX Ideal plasmas Strongly coupled plasmas Sun Core Inertial Cofinement Fusion Research Activities at the GSI Future Facility Nuclear Matter and Quark Gluon Plasma: Relativistic HI Beams Nuclear phase diagram Compressed nuclear/strange matter Deconfinement and chiral symmetry Structure and Dynamics of Nuclei: Radioactive Beams Nucleonic matter Nuclear astrophysics Fundamental symmetries Hadron Structure and Quark Gluon Dynamics: Antiprotons Non-pertubative QCD Quark-gluon degrees of freedom Confinement and chiral symmetry Hypernuclear physics Physics of Dense Plasmas and Bulk Matter: Bunch Compression Properties of high density plasmas Phase transitions and equation of state Laser - ion interaction with and in plasmas Ultra High EM Fields and Applications: Ions & Petawatt Laser QED and critical fields Ion - laser interaction Ion - matter interaction

9. Antiproton Physics Program Charmonium (cc ) spectroscopy: precision measurements of mass, width, decay branches of all charmonium states, especially for extracting information on qq models of mesons.

10. Antiproton Physics Program Charmonium (cc ) spectroscopy: precision measurements of mass, width, decay branches of all charmonium states, especially for extracting information on qq models of mesons. Search for gluonic excitations (charmed hybrids, glueballs) in the charmonium mass range (3 – 5 GeV/c 2 ).

11. Antiproton Physics Program Charmonium (cc ) spectroscopy: precision measurements of mass, width, decay branches of all charmonium states, especially for extracting information on qq models of mesons. Search for gluonic excitations (charmed hybrids, glueballs) in the charmonium mass range (3 – 5 GeV/c 2 ). Search for modifications of meson properties in the nuclear medium, and their possible relationship to the partial restoration of chiral symmetry for light quarks. pionic atoms KAOS/FOPI HESR  K D vacuumnuclear medium   π+π+ π-π- K-K- K+K+ D+D+ D-D- 25 MeV 100 MeV 50 MeV

12. Charmonium (cc ) spectroscopy: precision measurements of mass, width, decay branches of all charmonium states, especially for extracting information on qq models of mesons. Search for gluonic excitations (charmed hybrids, glueballs) in the charmonium mass range (3 – 5 GeV/c 2 ). Search for modifications of meson properties in the nuclear medium, and their possible relationship to the partial restoration of chiral symmetry for light quarks. DD 50 MeV D D+D+vacuum nuclear medium  K 25 MeV 100 MeV K+K+ KK   Precision -ray spectroscopy of single and double hypernuclei for Extracting information on their structure and on the hyperon-nucleon and hyperon-hyperon interaction. Antiproton Physics Program -- 3 GeV/c KK Trigger _  secondary target p  - (dss) p(uud) → (uds) (uds)

13. HESR - High Energy Storage Ring High luminosity modeHigh resolution mode p/p ~ 10 -5 (electron cooling) Lumin. = 10 31 cm -2 s -1 Lumin. = 2 x 10 32 cm -2 s -1 p/p ~ 10 -4 (stochastic cooling) Production rate 2x10 7 /sec P beam = 1 - 15 GeV/c N stored = 5x10 10 p Internal Target

14. Charmonium spectroscopy Charmonium spectrum is becoming more clear… 5 new measurements of  c mass

15. Charmonium spectroscopy Even on the ground state on the simplest parameters there are consistency problems… Five new measurements published 2002-2003, four by e + e - experiments

16. Charmonium spectroscopy Charmonium spectrum is becaming more clear… ’ c unambiguously seen 5 new measurements of  c mass

17. Charmonium spectroscopy 358036003620364036603680 CBALL 86 (2S) → X ’c’c 3637.7±4.4 MeV BELLE 02 B → K (K S K +   ) BELLE 03 e + e - → J/ X CLEO 03  → K S K +   BABAR 03  → K S K +   Mass (MeV) New measurements of mass are consistent!  tot = (19 ± 10) MeV

18. Charmonium spectroscopy Charmonium spectrum is becaming more clear… Open problems… 5 new measurements of  c mass ’ c unambiguously seen h 1c not confirmed States above DD thr. are not well established

19. Charmonium spectroscopy Mass Decay channels studied Total BR seen (%) Decay Channels With error <30% cc 2979.9±1.0 2026.10 ’c’c 3637.7±4.4 1 J/ 3096.87±.04 13441.584 ’’ 3685.96±.09 5148.033  c0 3415.1±0.8 1710.110  c1 3510.51±.12 124.04  c2 3556.18±.13 186.58 hchc 2?0  3769.9±2.5 2~ 01  4040±10 6~ 01  4159±20 1~ 00  4415±6 2~ 00

20. 35003520 MeV3510 CBall ev./2 MeV 100 E CM CBall E835 1000 E 835 ev./pb  c1 Charmonium Physics e + e -  → ’ →  1,2 → e + e - → J  e + e - interactions: - Only 1 -- states are formed - Other states only by secondary decays (moderate mass resolution) - All states directly formed (very good mass resolution) → J → e+e→ e+e p p →  1,2  pp reactions: Br(e + e - → ) ·Br( →  c ) = 2.5 10 -5 Br(pp →  c ) = 1.2 10 -3

21. Exotic hadrons In the light meson spectrum exotic states overlap with conventional states The QCD spectrum is much rich than that of the naive quark model also the gluons can act as hadron components The “exotic hadrons” fall in 3 general categories: (qq) g Hybrids Glueballs (qq)(qq) Multiquarks E x o t i c l i g h t q q E x o t i c c c 1 -- 1 -+ 020004000 MeV/c 2 10 -2 1 10 2

22. Exotic hadrons In the light meson spectrum exotic states overlap with conventional states In the cc meson spectrum the density of states is lower and therefore the overlap The QCD spectrum is much rich than that of the naive quark model also the gluons can act as hadron components The “exotic hadrons” fall in 3 general categories: (qq) g Hybrids (qq)(qq) Multiquarks Glueballs

23. “ In the light meson region, about 10 states have been classified as “Exotics”. Almost all of them have been seen in pp… OBELIX A.Bertin et al.,Physics Letters B385, (1996), 493. A.Bertin et al.,Physics Letters B400, (1997), 226. A.Bertin et al.,Physics Letters B361, (1995), 187. F.Nichitiu et al.,Physics Letters B545, (2002), 261. Crystal Barrel Exotic hadrons

24. Production all J PC available Formation only selected J PC Exotic states are produced with rates similar to qq conventional systems All ordinary quantum numbers can be reached  ~1 b All ordinary quantum numbers can be reached  ~1 b p p _ G M p M H p _ p M H p _ Even exotic quantum numbers can be reached  ~100 pb Even exotic quantum numbers can be reached  ~100 pb p p _ G p p _ H p p _ H Glueballs and Hybrids

25. Gluonic excitations of the quark-antiquark-potential may lead to bound states LQCD: –m H ~ 4.2-4.5 GeV ; J PC 1 -+ Charmed Hybrids Fluxtube-Model predicts H DD** (+c.c.) decays If m H <4290 MeV/c 2 →  H < 50 MeV/c 2 Some exotics can decay neither to DD nor to DD* (+c.c.) –e.g.: J PC (H)=0 +- fluxtube allowed  c0 , c0 , c2 , c2 ,  c, h 1, h 1c  fluxtube forbidden J/f 2,J/() S –Small number of final states with small phase space r 0 =0.5fm BaBar and Belle would expect ~300 evts. each in 5 years  not competitive

26. Light gg/ggg-systems are complicated to be identified Oddballs:exotic heavy glueballs –m(0 +- ) = 4740(50)(200) MeV –m(2 +- ) = 4340(70)(230) MeV Width unknown, but! –nature invests more likely in mass than in momentum good prob. to see in charm channels –Same run period as hybrids Morningstar und Peardon, PRD60 (1999) 034509 Morningstar und Peardon, PRD56 (1997) 4043 Glueballs

27. Multi-quarks states Recently, different experiments have reported evidences of an exotic baryon with K + n quantum numbers:  + (1540); ~ 18 MeV The  + (1540) state cannot be a 3-quarks state. Its minimal quark content is (uudds)  n → K  (K + n) T.Nakano et al.,Phys. Rev. Lett. 91,012002 (2003). K  Xe → (K  p)Xe’ V.V. Barmin et al.,hep-ex/0304040.  d → (K  p)(K + n) S. Stepanyan et al.,hep-ex/0307018. Theorists [ R.Jaffe & F.Wilezek (hep-ph/0307341), M.Karliner & Lipkin (hep-ph/0307343) ] predict charm and bottom analogues of the  + (1540):  c + with mass 2985 ± 50 MeV p could be a good tool to search for multiquark states

28. Hadrons in nuclear matter One of the fundamental questions of QCD is the generation of MASS The light hadron masses are larger than the sum of the constituent quark masses! Spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking seems to play a decisive role in the mass generation of light hadrons. How can we check this?

29. Hadrons in nuclear matter Since density increase in nuclear matter is possible a partial restoration of chiral symmetry  Light quarks are sensitive to quark condensate Evidence for mass changes of pions and kaons has been observed  Deeply bound pionic atoms Nucleus-Nucleus CollisionsProton-Proton Collisions K-K- K+K+ K-K- K+K+ f*  = 0.78f   Kaon-production environments

30. pionic atoms KAOS/FOPI HESR π K D vacuumnuclear medium ρ = ρ 0 π+π+ π-π- K-K- K+K+ D+D+ D-D- 25 MeV 100 MeV 50 MeV Mass modifications of mesons With p beam up to 15GeV/c these studies will be extensed Subthreshold enhancement for D and D meson production expected signal: strong enhancement of the D-meson cross section, relative D + D - yields, in the near/sub-threshold region. Hadrons in nuclear matter pp → D + D - 10 -2 10 -1 1 10 10 2 10 3 (nb) 4567 D+D+ D-D- T (GeV) in-medium free masses

31. Hadrons in nuclear matter The lowering of the DD thresh. –allow ’, c2 charmonium states to decay into this channel 3 GeV/c 2 Mass 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4 (1 3 D 1 ) (1 3 S 1 )  c (1 1 S 0 ) (3 3 S 1 )  c1 (1 3 P 1 )  c1 (1 3 P 0 ) 3,74 3,64 3,54 vacuum 1010 2020 thus resulting in a substantial increase of width of these states  c2 (1 3 P 2 ) (2 3 S 1 ) – states above DD thresh. would have larger width Idea –Study relative changes of yield and width of the charmonium state (3770). BR into l + l - (10 -5 in free space) Predictions by Ye.S. Golubeva et al., Eur.Phys.J. A 17,(2003)275

32. J/ Absorption in Nuclei ee e+e+ J/ p Important for the understanding of heavy ion collisions –Related to QGP Reaction – p + A  J/ + (A-1) → e + e - A complete set of measurements could be done –J/,‘,  J on different nuclear target –Longitudinal and transverse Fermi- distribution is measurable

33. s u d s d d s d s s s s    00 Use pp Interaction to produce a hyperon “beam” (t~10 -10 s) which is tagged by the antihyperon or its decay products Hypernuclear Physics  _ (Kaidalov & Volkovitsky) quark-gluon string model

34.  -  capture:  - p  + 28 MeV -- 3 GeV/c Kaon s _    trigger p _ 2. Slowing down and capture of   in secondary target nucleus 2. Slowing down and capture of   in secondary target nucleus 1. Hyperon- antihyperon production at threshold 1. Hyperon- antihyperon production at threshold +28MeV  3.  -spectroscopy with Ge-detectors 3.  -spectroscopy with Ge-detectors  Production of Double Hypernuclei  - (dss) p(uud)   (uds)  (uds)

35. Expected Counting Rate Ingredients (golden events) ─ luminosity 2·10 32 cm -2 s -1 ─  +  - cross section 2mb for pp 700 Hz ─ p (100-500 MeV/c) p 500  0.0005 –  + reconstruction probability 0.5 – stopping and capture probability p CAP  0.20 – total captured  - 3000 / day –  - to  -nucleus conversion probability p   0.05 – total  hypernucleus production 4500 /month – gamma emission/event, p   0.5 – -ray peak efficiency p GE  0.1 ~7/day „golden“ -ray events ( + trigger) ~700/day with KK trigger high resolution -spectroscopy of double hypernuclei will be feasible

36. Other physics topics Cross section σ ≈ 2.5pb @ s ≈10 GeV 2 L = 2·10 32 cm-2 s-1 → 10 3 events per month Reversed Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering CP-violation (D/  – sector) - D 0 D 0 mixing SM prediction < 10 -8 - compare angular decay asymmetries for  SM prediction ~ 2 · 10 -5 Rare D-decays: D + →  + (BR 10 -4 ) W+W+ c d 

37. QCD systems to be studied at HESR/

38. Final stateCross section# rec. events Meson resonance + anything 100b10  50b10  2b2b 10 8 DD250nb10 7 J/( → e + e -, +  - ) 630nb10 9   ( → J/) 3.7nb10 7 cccc 20nb10 7 cccc 0.1nb10 5 HESR/ expected counting rates One year of data taking ≈ 1-2(fb) -1

39. Competition BES, BNL, CLEO-C, Dane, Hall-D, JHF TopicCompetitor Confinement Charmonium all cc states with high resolution CLEO-C only 1 –– states formed Gluonic Excitations charmed hybrids heavy glueballs CLEO-C light glueballs Hall-D light hybrids Nuclear Interactions D-mass shift J/ absorption (T~0) Dane K-mass shift Hypernuclei -spectroscopy of - and -hypernuclei BNL indirect evidence only JHF single HN Open Charm Physics Rare D-Decays CP-physics in Hadrons CLEO-C rare D-Decays CP-physics in D-Mesons

40. Detector requests: nearly 4  solid angle(partial wave analysis) high rate capability(210 7 annihilations/s) good PID( , e, , , K, p) momentum resolution(~1%) vertex info for D, K 0 S,  (c  = 317  m for D  ) efficient trigger(e, , K, D,  ) modular design(Hypernuclei experiments) Detector General Purpose Detector

41. PANDA Detector target spectrometer forward spectrometer micro vertex detector electromagnetic calorimeter DIRC: Detecting Internally Reflected Cherenkov light straw tube tracker mini drift chambers muon counter Solenoidal magnet iron yoke The costs for the detector are estimated to be 28 M€, including 13 M€ for the most costly component, the electromagnetic calorimeter.

42. PANDA Detector

43. Target A fiber/wire target will be needed for D physics, An internal cluster-jet/pellet target is under study: 10 16 atoms/cm 2 for D=20-40  m Pellet target layout Cluster-jet target layout

44. Conversion Prob: ~3%, primary e + e - ~3.6% Micro Vertex Detector beam pipe pellet/cluster pipe

45. Hypernuclear Physics: Vertex Detector Development of a Super Segmented Clover Detector for the VEGA array  High photopeak efficiency ( ph > 0.3)  Good angular resolution to increase Doppler correction capability (up to v/c ~ 0.5)  High rate capability  Fast background rejection  Operation into high magnetic fields

46. Central Tracking Detectors Light materials, self supporting structure! Light materials, self supporting structure! Example event pp →  → 4K 9000 straw tubes 15 double layers 2-14 layers are with angle between 4-9 o tube length –1.5 m tube diameters – 4, 6, 8 mm 9000 straw tubes 15 double layers 2-14 layers are with angle between 4-9 o tube length –1.5 m tube diameters – 4, 6, 8 mm

47. PID with DIRC (DIRC@BaBar) (DIRC@BaBar) GEANT4 simulation

48. Electromagnetic Calorimeter Length = 17 X 0 APD readout (in field) pp  J/    e/  - Separation PbWO 4 - CsI(Tl) - BGO

49. Muon Detector

50. Forward Spectrometer

51. HADES@GSI 6 layers of sense wires in 3 double layers (y,u,v) not stretched radially (mass) realized at HADES –high counting rates –position resolution 70  m Tracking: Forward MDC

52. Radiator n=1.02 Multi pad gas detector Mismatch photons CsI photon conversion LHCb proximity focusing mirrors PID: Forward RICH

53. PANDA Collaboration At present a group of 150 physicists from 40 institutions of 9 Countries. Bochum, Bonn, Brescia, Catania, Cracow, Dresden, Dubna I + II, Edinburg, Erlangen, Ferrara, Frascati, Franhfurt, Genova, Giessen, Glasgow, KVI Groningen, GSI, FZ Jülich I + II, Los Alamos, Mainz, Milano, TU München, Münster, Northwestern, BINP Novosibirsk, Pavia, Silesia, Stockolm, Torino I + II, Torino Politecnico,Trieste, TSL Uppsala, Tübingen, Uppsala, SINS Warsaw, AAS Wien http://www.gsi.de/hesr/panda Spokesperson: Ulrich Wiedner - Uppsala Austria - Germany – Italy – Netherlands – Poland – Russia – Sweden – U.K. – U.S.

54. Conclusions high resolution spectroscopy with p-beam in formation experiments: E  E beam high yields of gluonic excitations: glueballs, hybrids, multi-quark states  ≈ 100 pb partial chiral symmetry restoration by implanting mesons inside the nuclear medium hyperon-antihyperon taggable beams Thanks to the new GSI HESR facility p will be used to produce...

56. Tracking Resolution J/  +  -   +-  +-  (J/  ) = 35 MeV/c 2  (  ) = 3.8 MeV/c 2 Example reaction: pp  J/  +  (s = 4.4 GeV/c 2 ) Single track resolution Invariant mass resolution

57. Present GSI Facility UNILAC SIS FRS ESR

58. Stage Plan for the Facility Construction HESR & 4 MV e - -Cooling Civil Construction 4 Built by the Julich machine division Total Costs: 675 Million Euro