1. All About Bones
The Skeletal System

2. How many bones can you name?
DO NOW
How many bones can you name?

3. Bones to Know: Appendicular Skeleton: Axial Skeleton: Skull
Pectoral Girdle
6. Scapula
7. Clavicle
Upper Limb
8. Humerus
9. Radius
10. Ulna
11. Carpals
12. Metacarpals
13. Phalanges
Pelvic Girdle
14. Pelvis
Lower Limb
15. Femur
16. Patella
17. Fibula
18. Tibia
19. Tarsals
20. Metatarsals
21. Phalanges
Axial Skeleton:
Skull
1. Skull
2. HyoidBone
Vertebral Column
3. Vertebrae
Thoracic Cage
4. Ribs
5. Sternum

4. Axial and Appendicular

5. Axial Portion

6. Skull

7. Vertebrate

8. Ribs

9. Sternum

11. Appendicular Portion

12. Pelvis

13. Clavicle

14. Scapula

15. What is the common name for the clavicle?
What is the common name for the scapula?

16. Humerus

17. Radius and Ulna

18. Carpals

19. Metacarpals

20. Phalanges

23. Femur

24. Patella

25. Tibia and Fibula

27. Tibia/Fibula vs Radius/Ulna

28. Tarsals

29. Metatarsals

30. Phalanges

31. Tarsal Bones vs Carpal Bones

32. Types of Bones

33. How many bones are there??
In a newborn
there are 300!!!!!

34. How many bones are there?
In an adult, that are 206!!!
That is almost 100 fewer than infants. What happened?

35. What is the largest bone?
The Femur!

36. What is the smallest bone?

37. Exit Ticket
Name the bones listed below. 4 3 1 5 2

38. Skeletal Disorders
All About Bones

39. DO NOW Can you name any skeletal disorders?
What do you know about them?
What would you like to know?

40. Fractures

41. Activity
Create a foldable (like the one we did for the organ systems) that details the different types of fractures.
Name the fracture
Give the definition of the fracture
Draw it
Classify the difficulty to heal (how do bones heal, what process?)
There are 9 different fractures
Compression fractures: usually occurs in the vertebrae, for example when the front portion of a vertebra in the spine collapses due to osteoporosis (a medical condition which causes bones to become brittle and susceptible to fracture, with or without trauma).
Other types of fracture are:
Complete fracture: A fracture in which bone fragments separate completely.
Incomplete fracture: A fracture in which the bone fragments are still partially joined. In such cases, there is a crack in the osseous tissue that does not completely traverse the width of the bone.[4]
Linear fracture: A fracture that is parallel to the bone's long axis.
Transverse fracture: A fracture that is at a right angle to the bone's long axis.
Oblique fracture: A fracture that is diagonal to a bone's long axis.
Spiral fracture: A fracture where at least one part of the bone has been twisted.
Comminuted fracture: A fracture in which the bone has broken into a number of pieces.
Impacted fracture: A fracture caused when bone fragments are driven into each other.
Avulsion fracture: A fracture where a fragment of bone is separated from the main mass.

42. Exit Ticket Which fracture do you think are the hardest to mend? Why?
Which fracture do you think are the easiest to mend? Why?

43. Males vs. Females
All About Bones

44. DO NOW How can you distinguish between males and females?
Don’t just make a list, describe the differences.

45. Activity You are a world-renowned bone expert.
You just received an urgent call from your Supervisor. He has informed you that a jogger has discovered a body in the woods. The body is nearly decayed and the police need to know if the victim is male or female.

46. Some clues
There are distinct difference in the bones that distinguish males from females

47. The Pelvis Female Pelvic bones Broader sciatic notch
Raised auricular surface
Males Pelvic Bones
Narrower sciatic notch
Flat auricular surface

48. The Pelvis
Figure 1. Female and male pelvic bones. (Source: Smithsonian Institution)

49. Male or Female?
Figure 2. Pelvic bone of the skeleton in the cellar. (Source: Smithsonian Institution) Male

50. Male or Female?
Male

51. Male or Female?
Female

52. Male or Female?
Male

53. Skull Male skulls Larger than females Larger brow ridge
Sloping, less rounded forehead
Larger projections behind ears
Square chin
Greater definition of muscle attachment areas on the back of the head

54. Skull: Male

55. Skull Female Smoother bone surfaces where muscles attach
Less pronounced brow ridges
More vertical forehead
Sharp upper margins of the eyes orbits
Smaller projections behind the ears
Chin more pointed
Larger, obtuse angle of the jaw

56. Skull: Female

57. Male or Female?
Female

58. Male or Female?
Female

59. Male or Female?
Male

60. Checklist for examining the skull
For each category, describe what you see and determine male or female for that feature.
Brow ridge
Neck muscle attachments
Mastoid Process
Upper eye orbit margin
Angle of jaw
Chin
From there you can make a better estimate as to the sex.

61. Exit Ticket
What is the easiest way to determine the gender (using the skeleton) of an individual, and why?

62. Off you go!!
Work in small groups to determine the sex of the skeleton.
Turn in work individually!

63. Determining Your Height
All About Bones

64. Do Now
Which bones do you think would be the best for determining the height of an individual. Defend your answer.
You must pick one bone.

65. Determining Height from Bone Length
It is possible to determine the height of an individual based on the length of one bone.
This is useful because sometimes all that police recover is a few bones.

66. Activity In this activity you will look at the bones in the arm.
Which are?
And the bones in the leg.

67. Activity Break into groups of 4.
2 of you will measure the arm bones
2 of you will measure the leg bones
Then compare your results
How accurate are you to the actual height of the person?
Which equation is more accurate?

68. Important Equations: Arms
Males
Height = (length of radius x 3.3) + 34
Height = (length of humerus x 2.9)
Females
Height = (length of radius x 3.3) + 32
Height = (length of humerus x 2.8)

69. Important Equations: Legs
Males
Height = 2.42 x (tibia length in cm)
Female
Height = 2.90 x (tibia length in cm)
Using the femur and tibia
Height = 1.31 x (length of femur in cm + length of tibia in cm)

70. Exit Ticket
In some cases all that a forensics team has to go on is a bone.
What are your conclusions regarding the level of accuracy you can obtain in predicting height based on one or two bones?