1. Thermal Energy and Matter
Ch 16.1

2. Thermal energy depends on mass, temperature and phases of the object
True
False
Statement
Heat, which is the flow of thermal energy, always flows from cold objects to hot objects
Absolute zero is a reference point using the Kelvin scale, used to measure temperature
Thermal energy depends on mass, temperature and phases of the object
An object will expand in hot temperatures, and shrink in colder temperatures called thermal expansion/contraction
Specific heat is how much heat is needed to raise the temperature of an object, and is the same for all objects

3. Work and Heat
Heat- transfer of thermal energy from 1 object to another due to temperature difference
Heat flows from hot objects to cold objects

4. Temperature
Temperature- measure of how hot or cold an object is compared to a reference point
°C= boiling/freezing point of water
Absolute zero- reference point in K, which is 0K
Temperature relates to the kinetic energy of particles
hot= faster particles
cold= slower particles

5. Thermal Energy Depends on: Mass Temperature Phase- solid, liquid, gas
of an object

6. Thermal Contraction and Expansion
Thermal Expansion- increase volume due to temperature increase
Particles move farther apart
Thermometers
Increase temp. = alcohol moves/expands = temperature you read

7. Specific Heat
Specific Heat- amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1g of material by 1°C
The lower the SH, the more the temp. rises when a given amount of energy is absorbed by a given mass

8. Specific Heat
Q = m c ΔT Q- heat absorbed by material, J M- mass, g C- specific heat, J/g°C ΔT- change in temp. °C

9. Specific Heat Practice
An iron skillet has a mass of 500g. Its specific heat is J/g°C. How much heat must be absorbed to raise the temperature by 95C?
Given:
Formula:
Solve:

10. Math Practice pg 477 2. 4. 3. 5.

11. Measuring Heat Changes
Calorimeter- sealed instrument used to measure changes in thermal energy
Uses principle that hot energy flows to cold, until they equal the same temperature.

12. Heat and Thermodynamics
Ch. 16.2

13. Conduction transfers thermal energy when 2 objects touch
True
False
Statement
Conduction transfers thermal energy when 2 objects touch
Convection transfers thermal energy through moving fluids
Radiation is the transfer of energy through space
The 1st law of thermodynamics state energy is not created or destroyed
The 3rd law of thermodynamics state you must reach absolute zero

14. Conduction
Transfer of thermal energy between 2 touching objects, with no overall transfer of matter
Slower in gases due to particles colliding less often

15. Conduction Conducts thermal energy well Can be hot or cold Ex: Cu, Al
Thermal Conductors
Thermal Insulators
Conducts thermal energy well
Can be hot or cold
Ex: Cu, Al
Tile vs Wood
Conducts thermal energy poorly
Can be hot or cold
Ex: Air, plastic, wool

16. Convection
Transfer of thermal energy when particles of a fluid move from 1 place to another
Hot moves to cold
Convection Current- fluid circulates in a loop as it alternatively heats up and cools down
Oven, heaters
Naturally- ocean currents, weather, molten rock

17. Radiation Transfer of energy by waves moving through space
Heat lamps
All objects radiate energy- as temperature increases the rate it radiates energy increases

18. Conduction, Convection or Radiation Heating?

19. Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics
1st Law of Thermodynamics
Study of conversions between thermal energy and other forms of energy
James Joule, 1800’s
Energy is conserved

20. Thermodynamics Absolute zero cannot be reached
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
4th Law of Thermodynamics
Absolute zero cannot be reached
Thermal energy can flow from cold to hot objects ONLY if work is done to the system
Heat engine- device converts heat into work
Waste heat- thermal energy not converted into heat

21. Using Heat
Ch. 16.3

22. Refrigerants vaporize and condense over and over again
True
False
Statement
Heat engines can be internal or external, but neither are very efficient
Hot water, steam and electric, and forced air heating all use conduction and radiation to heat
Heat pumps reverse the normal flow of thermal energy, which is hot to cold
Refrigerators and air conditioners are cooling systems, that don’t require heat pumps
Refrigerants vaporize and condense over and over again

23. Heat Engines Engine that burns fuel outside the engine
External Combustion Engine
Internal Combustion Engine
Engine that burns fuel outside the engine
Steam engine
Engine that burns fuel inside the engine
Cars

24. Heating Systems Central Heating Systems
Heats many rooms from 1 central location
Most use convection to distribute thermal energy

25. Heating Systems Conduction and radiation using water
Hot Water Heating
Steam Heating
Conduction and radiation using water
Conduction and radiation using steam

26. Heating Systems Conduction and radiation using electrical energy
Electric Baseboard Heating
Forced Air Heating
Conduction and radiation using electrical energy
Convection using fans

27. Cooling Systems Heat pumps
Device that reverses the normal flow of thermal energy
Circulates refrigerant through tubing
Refrigerant- fluid that vaporizes
and condenses inside the tubing
of a heat pump

28. Cooling Systems
Refrigerators
Air Conditioners
Transfers thermal energy from the inside to the outside
Cools inside, releases hot air