1. Earth History GEOL 2110 Lecture 3 Development of Geological Concepts, Part I

2. Major Concepts In the 17 th and 18 th centuries (Age of Reason), application of the scientific method of observation and interpretation began with the purpose of understanding earth processes in the context of the biblical account, but wound up challenging and discrediting that explanation. Recognition of stratigraphic principles allowed for the interpretation of time in sedimentary rocks Recognition of the changes in fossil assemblages with time provide a power tool for temporal correlation Recognition that the earth is dynamic and constantly reshaping and recycling itself required “great drafts upon the bank of antiquity” Recognition that processes happening on earth today likely have happened throughout most of geological time provided a powerful intellectual tool to understand the history of the earth

3. Earth History based on Genesis With humans being cast out of Paradise, punishment was meted out by throwing the earth into chaos. This brought on: volcanismuplift and scaring of the land violent weather The Great Flood – Diluvialists A scholarly study of the genealogy of the Bible led Anglican Archbishop Ussher in 1654 to conclude that the Earth was created on October 23, 4004 B.C. Another determined the 40- day flood began November 18, 2349 B.C. In the 17 th and 18 th centuries (Age of Enlightenment/Reason) intellectuals began to promote scientific inquiry, skepticism and intellectual interchange and challenged ideas grounded in tradition and faith.

4. Early Ideas on Fossils Some early Greek and Roman philosophers saw them as remains of past life forms; large bones came from a former race of giants Aristotle (384-322 BC) suggested that they represented failed attempts of the seeds of life that sprang from rock and mud Middle Ages (500-1450) fossils were variously regarded as works of the devil, Gods handiwork, formed by mysterious “molding forces” in rocks, or sports of nature. Chinese thought vertebrate fossils were the remains of dragons Most common interpretation in the west was that they were the remains of animals and humans who had perished in the Deluge.

5. Leonardo – the Heretic 1452-1519 Interpreted marine fossils in the high Alps to be remains of ancient life forms Noted fossil types and concentrations varied from layer to layer – fossils must be same age as host rocks 40 days was not enough time for marine organisms to travel to the high Alps during the flood Many fossils are too delicate to have been transported during the flood

6. Nicholas Steno 1638-1686 Danish geologist, anatomist, theologian In 1669, he published "The Prodromus of Nicolaus Steno's Dissertation Concerning a Solid Body Enclosed by Process of Nature Within a Solid” summarizing his ideas on stratification and fossils in rocks and, most significantly, the implications for TIME. In 1665, he converted to Roman Catholicism, whereupon his interest in scientific inquiry waned. Became a priest in 1675 and a bishop in 1677. Saw similarity of fossil sharks teeth with modern teeth

7. Steno’s Stratigraphic Principles Superposition – successively higher sedimentary layers are successively younger Original Horizontality – All sediments are deposited horizontally; tilted strata are thus disturbed from their original state Lateral Continuity – Strata originally extended in all directions to the edges of their basins of deposition

8. Robert Hooke 1635-1703 British naturalist, architect, polymath Concluded that fossilized objects were the remains of living things that had been petrified by being soaked in mineral-laden water Believed that fossils provided reliable clues to the past history of life on earth, and that they might represent species that had become extinct through some geological disaster and thereby provide useful time markers His ideas were not popularized in part because of his "cantankerous, envious, vengeful“ personality Ammonite fossil sketches by Hooke, 1703

9. Fossils As Time Markers Evidence of Evolution and Extinction With the systematic mapping of geologic strata in the late 1700’s, it became evident that particular stratigraphic units contain a unique assemblages of fossils It was also recognized that within a stratigraphic (i.e. time) section, a particular fossil type had a point of appearance and disappearance This brought concepts of biological evolution and extinctions to greater acceptance and the surrender of the notion of a diluvian origin to fossils

10. Early Biostratigraphic Mapping John Woodward (1723) - first to note a similarity of marine fossils between Britain and France chalk units Guettard and Lavoisier (1746) – first geologic map showing that correlation

11. William Smith 1769-1836 Son of a blacksmith, canal surveyor From 1791-1812, he meticulously mapped the distribution of strata in England and documented their fossil assemblages In 1815, published “The Map that Changed the World” Simon Winchester’s 2001 book is a great read about the trials and tribulations encountered by the commoner Smith

12. Smith’s Biostratigraphy Fossil Assemblages Lithologic Units “wonderful order and regularity with which nature has disposed of these singular productions (fossils) and assigned to each its class and peculiar Stratum” (W. Smith, 1796)

13. Cuvier and Brongnairt Biostratigrapy of the Paris Basin (1811-1822) Geologic Correlation between Paris and London (1722)

14. Principle of Fossil Correlation Like assemblages of fossils are of like age and therefore the strata containing them are also of like age

15. Index Fossils Characteristics: easily recognized (unique characteristics) Common to many geological environments restricted to a very limited thickness of strata (i.e., time)

16. Next Lecture Development of Geological Concepts Part 2