1. Lecture 23 Francis and Dominic Dr. Ann T. Orlando 23 October 2014 1

2. Spiritual Movements: New Orders Franciscans Dominicans Both start as mendicants, very different from Benedictines Not in a monastery Vocation is among God’s people Both approved by Innocent III Augustinians and Carmelites 2

3. Franciscan Basilica Begun immediately after Francis’ death in 1226 One of Francis’ earliest followers supervised beginning of Basilica Really two basilicas, an upper and a lower one Site of Francis’ tomb This is the ‘Mother House’ of Franciscan order Many famous Italian artists, including Cimabue and Giotto, painted frescos 3

4. Assisi at the Time Francis was Born (1181) Wealthy hill town in Tuscany Francis’ father was a cloth merchant Assisi was often at war with other nearby towns Francis joined the Assisi troops as a young man and was captured in a skirmish with Perugia 4

5. Francis Begins His Spiritual Journey After returning to Assisi in a prisoner exchange, Francis started to pray and look for a different way of life He went to Rome on a pilgrimage and on returning stopped to pray at the deserted church of St. Damiano A voice tells Francis to ‘rebuild my Church’ Francis used money from his father’s business to buy materials His Father, angered by this, brought Francis before the bishop to be admonished Francis stripped himself naked, saying he wanted nothing from his father Francis starts to lead a mendicant life, saying he would be poor as Christ was poor 5

6. A Group Gathers Around Francis Some people were shocked by Francis’ life-style But some wanted to join him in his way of life Francis’ holiness and gentleness with all God’s creatures led to many stories about Francis Francis and the wolf of Gubbio San Damiano became the Church for St. Clare and her followers, the ‘poor Clares’ Feast Day for St. Clare is August 11 6

7. Francis’ Spirituality Total embrace of ‘Lady Poverty’, not ‘Lady Wisdom’ as way of life Francis’ Rule emphasizes walking in poverty in the footsteps of Jesus; Pilgrimage to Holy Land; Met the sultan Rules for Franciscans to live in Holy Land with Muslims Emphasis on tangible religious experience: Christmas crib Stigmata as a sign of Francis’ identification with Jesus Francis was most famous man in Europe in his lifetime; his order grew explosively Poet: Canticle of the Sun, Prayer of St. Francis Feast Day is Oct. 4 7

8. Franciscan Rule Actually two Rules written by Francis, the Longer and the Shorter Encourage mendicant lifestyle and adoption of complete poverty Deemphasizes study, even literacy Deemphasizes ecclesial offices Rule revisions Even before Francis dies, control of Franciscans is given to others Franciscans become more organized, intellectual, wealthy 8

9. Franciscan ‘Schism’ Shortly after Francis dies, the order becomes conflicted about its future ‘Conventual’ Franciscans relax some aspects of Francis’ extreme poverty ‘Spiritual’ Franciscans continued to live as Francis had Some become engaged in apocalyptic warnings Followers of Joachim of Fiore (1132-1202) and were deemed heretics 9

10. St. Dominic (1170-1221) Born in Spain; he traveled to southern France to preach against the Albigensian heresy Founded a school for French women First order of Dominicans were nuns Received permission from Innocent III to found an order of preachers to preach Catholic orthodoxy 10

11. Albiginsians Named for town of Albi, France where heresy was centered Also known as ‘Cathars’ from Greek for pure Beliefs Two gods, one evil the other good Material evil Two classes of believers Special knowledge given to believers 11

12. Dominican Spirituality Rule based on Augustine’s Rule: clergy who lived together but worked among lay people Also basis for other Medieval Orders Dominican Rule emphasized study and preaching Rosary was and remains especially important to Dominicans Mary appeared to Dominic and gave him a rosary Established the form the Rosary has today Feast day is August 8 12

13. Dominicans in 13 th C Order started as mendicants Quickly became centered in cities and especially universities Focused on education for lay and secular clergy 13

14. The Rosary History of the Rosary as a popular devotion probably dates to around 10 th C Early use of prayer beads of varying lengths used by monks and others as an aid to meditation Bead is from the old German word meaning “to pray” Repetition of familiar prayers a way to move beyond immediate circumstances and enter into mysteries of faith

15. In early forms of rosary, there were varying numbers of decades, but almost always a decade was 10 Hail Mary’s The early practice was to use the decade as a way to remove oneself form immediate circumstances and enter into a particular mystery of the faith Mysteries of Rosary

16. Other Orders Augustinians and Carmelites were both granted dispensations by Pope Innocent IV from degree of IV Lateran Council Augustinians (Order of Hermits of St. Augustine) Organized from a group of hermits living in northern Italy Followed ‘Augustinian Rule’ Carmelites (Order of Our Lady of Mt. Carmel) Claim to descend from followers of prophet Elias Actual start seems to be around the Crusades, Christian hermits living on Mt. Carmel Rule of St. Albert of Jerusalem c. 1210 Migrated to Europe in mid-13 th C Lay ‘third orders’ became very popular 16

17. Assignment Francis’ Rule, available at http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source /stfran-rule.html http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source /stfran-rule.html 17