1. Manifest Destiny and the War with Mexico

2. I. Manifest Destiny A. Manifest Destiny 1. Belief that the US should expand from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean 2. Expansion by “predestined by God” 3. Expansion was “ordained” to cross into Mexican & Native American territories 4. Included the Louisiana Purchase, expanded the US from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mts.

3. I. Manifest Destiny American Progress by John Gast 1872

4. II. Manifest Destiny & Native Americans – B. Indian Removal Act 1. 1830 Congress voted to forcibly move Native Americans west through “treaties” 2. Some tribes reluctantly signed the “treaties” 3. Cherokee Nation sued the US government over their removal in 1832 Worcester v Georgia

5. II. Manifest Destiny & Native Americans

6. C. Trail of Tears 1. Supreme ruled in favor of the Cherokee, but then President Jackson ignored the ruling 2. 1838, the Cherokee were rounded up & forced to go west in groups of 1000 3. Thousands of Cherokee died from pneumonia, cold, hunger, small pox, cholera, tuberculosis, etc

7. II. Manifest Destiny & Native Americans

9. D. Trails West included: 1. Santa Fe Trail, stretched 780 miles from Independence Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico 2. Oregon Trail, stretched from Independence Missouri to Oregon City, Oregon

10. II. Manifest Destiny & Native Americans

11. III. Manifest Destiny & Mormons A. Mormon Migration 1. Escaping persecution, Mormons moved west from New York 2. Thousands walked across Nebraska, Wyoming & finally Salt Lake City, Utah 3. Salt Lake, Utah became their new center 4. Many Mormons went on to work on the railroads

12. IV. Texan Independence

13. A. 1821 Mexico becomes independent from Spain & the new Mexican government encouraged Americans to settle in Texas 1. Soon Americans outnumbered Mexicans 2. Many Americans brought slaves, which was against Mexican law 3. Americans such as Stephen Austin & Sam Houston wanted Texan independence & called for a Texan Revolution

14. The Alamo

15. IV. Texan Independence B. The Alamo 1. Anglo-American troops moved to the Alamo & General Santa Anna’s Mexican troops attacked on Feb 23, 1836 2. The Anglo-American declared Texas independent from Mexico 3. March 6, 1836, Mexican soldiers scaled the walls of the Alamo 4. Alamo ended with 187 Anglo-Americans & hundreds of Mexicans dead

16. Goliad Massacre

17. IV. Texan Independence C. “Remember the Alamo” 1. In retaliation for his losses at the Alamo, Santa Anna executed 300 Texan rebels, known as The Goliad Massacre 2. The Texan rebels avenged themselves by killing 630 Mexican soldiers & capturing Santa Anna 3. Santa Anna was forced to sign the Treaty of Velasco, granting Texas independence from Mexico

18. IV. Texan Independence

19. V. War with Mexico

20. A. Texas quickly became a state (slave holding) B. US President Polk believed war with Mexico would “give” the US California & New Mexico 1. A Tex-Mex border dispute resulted in Mexico ending diplomatic relations with the US

21. V. War with Mexico

22. 2. The US sent a diplomat to negotiate the border dispute & convince Mexico to sell California & New Mexico 3. When Mexico refused to talk to the diplomat, Polk sent troops to the Rio Grande River, TX, California & New Mexico

23. V. War with Mexico

24. C. Republic of California June 1846 1. Rebels such as John C. Fremont seized the city of Sonoma 2. Raised the Bear flag & declared California a republic 3. Independent from Mexico

25. V. War with Mexico

26. D. The US Sailed to Mexico & Captured Vera Cruz March 27, 1847

27. Battle at Cerro Gordo The US defeated Mexico in the Battle at Cerro Gordo on April 18, 1847

28. Battle of Churubusco The US defeated Mexico in The Battle at Churubusco on August 20, 1847

29. Battle of Molino del Rey The US defeated Mexico at the Battle of Molino del Rey on September 8, 1847

30. Battle at Chapultepec The US defeated Mexico in the Battle at Chapultepec on September 12, 1847

31. Niños Heroes

32. Fall of Mexico City

33. V War with Mexico E. The US won the war in 1848

34. V War with Mexico F. Mexico & the US signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1. Mexico agreed to Rio Grande Border in Texas 2. New Mexico, California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona and parts of Colorado & Wyoming will be ceded to the US 3. The US paid Mexico $15 million for NM, CA, NV, CO, AZ & WY

35. V War with Mexico

37. VI. The Californios

38. VI. Los Californios A. Long before the US “annexed” NM, CA, NV, CO, AZ, TX, UT & WY, Mexican communities thrived in these areas of: 1. Ranchers (beef & lamb meat, horses, dairy, wool, cow hide, leather, tallow, etc) 2. Agriculture (wheat, grains, wine grapes) 3. Entrepreneurs (producers of leather goods, soap, wine, candles, cotton cloth, jerky,etc) 4. Traders of #1-3

39. VI. Los Californios

40. B. The original Californios were a combination of four distinct socio-economic groups: – 1. Catholic priests, who built 21 missions along the El Camino Real – 2. Spanish Soldiers, who accompanied the priests – 3. Adventurers & Entrepreneurs – 4. Political Prisoners & Thieves who would later be called Cholos (Convicts)

41. VI. Los Californios Father Junipero Serra

42. VI. Los Californios C. The original Californios were ethnically mixed: 1. Mulatto (African & Spanish) 2. Mestizo (Native American & Spanish) 3. Lobo, Coyote or Chino (African & Native American)

43. VI. Los Californios

44. D. Juan Jose Dominguez: 1. Spanish soldier from Sinaloa, Mexico 2. Traveled with Father Junipero Serra in 1760s-1770s 3.Founded the Royal Presidio San Diego 1769 4. 1784 given Spanish Land Grant called Rancho San Pedro Juan Jose Dominguez El Presidio Real San Diego

45. VI. Los Californios 5. 75,000 acres that included Compton, Carson, Torrance, Wilmington, Dominguez Hills, Palos Verdes, Redondo Beach, Hermosa Beach, Gardena, Harbor City, Port of LA area, Manhattan Beach, etc

46. VI. Los Californios

47. E. Don Manuel Dominguez 1. Grand Nephew of Juan Jose Dominguez 2. Mestizo, Father Spanish & Mother Native American 3. Bilingual, could read, write & speak English & Spanish fluently

48. VI. Los Californios: Rancho Dominguez Adobe

49. VI. Los Californios 4. Fought to outlaw slavery in California Constitution of 1848 5. Gave women the right to inherit own & control property in CA Constitution of 1848 6. Fought for Mexican-American rights in the annexed California

50. VI. Los Californios: Rancho Dominguez Adobe

52. VI. Los Californios F. Pio de Jesus Pico 1. Father was a soldier who traveled from Mexico to New Mexico & finally California in 1775 on the Anza expedition 2. Born at the San Gabriel Mission 3. He was a “Lobo” (Mulatto & Mestizo)

53. VI. Los Californios 4. Grew up in San Diego at the Royal Presidio at San Diego 5. Opened his first business, a general store that sold shoes, liquor, food, furniture, supplies, etc 6. His business did so well he was able to build an adobe for his family in 1824

54. VI. Los Californios 7. 1832 he became governor of Alta California 8. 1850 purchased 8, 891 acres in Whittier, Montebello, Pico Rivera

55. VI. Los Californios: Pio Pico Mansion

57. VI. Los Californios 9. 1845 Pio became last Mexican governor of CA 10. 1855, After the Mexican-American War, Pico & his brother Andres owned 532,000 acres, their businesses continued to flourish 11. 1870 Pio built Pico House across the street from Olvera Street.

58. VI. Los Californios: Pico House

59. VI. Los Californios 12. Although Pio was a very successful entrepreneur he had some short comings: – A. gambling – B. womanizing – C. Medical problems such as a pituitary gland diasese, that caused a change in his appearance – D. Never learned English 13. Pio died 1894 broke in Los Angeles, CA

60. VI. Los Californios 1858 1873 Andres Pico

61. VI. Los Californios

62. Andres Pico Adobe, San Fernando Valley

63. VI. Los Californios Ranchito Romulo