1. ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR A World Divided

2. Key Questions 1. How did the war-time allies attempt to prevent future wars? 2. Why did the United States and the USSR go from being friends to enemies after 1945? 3. What steps did each side take to assure ideological supremacy, and economic and political hegemony, 1945-47? 4. Was it inevitable? 5. What role did personalities play? (e.g. Truman replacing Roosevelt) 6. To what extent did the USA and USSR present themselves as rival systems? (economic and ideological).

3. Major Topics to be Covered  I. Origins of the Cold War  II. Truman and Containment  III. Brinkmanship  Cold War in Asia- China, Korea, and Japan  IV. JFK and Flexible Response  V. Vietnam War  VI. Détente

4. Meaning of Cold War Term introduced into modern context by Walter Lippmann. A state of political tension and military rivalry between nations that stops short of full-scale war Refers to the conflict between USA and USSR. Defined second half of 20 th century, shaping politics on every continent.

5. I. Origins of the Cold War The Cold War was a ‘war’ involving the USA and the USSR in which no direct fighting actually occurred between the two countries, but tensions were very high. The USA and the USSR in 1945 were two very different countries with very different ideologies: The USA was Capitalist The USSR was Communist

6. Underlying Tensions: Ideological differences IDEOLOGY IS IMPORTANT BECAUSE IT IS THE MOTIVATION AND JUSTIFICATION BEHIND WHAT COUNTRIES DO. IF IDEOLOGIES IN CONFLICT THEN THEIR ACTIONS WILL BE IN CONFLICT.

7. How are these beliefs different? Capitalism = Where all factors of production (industry, business and agriculture) are owned by private individuals or firms who run them for their own profit. Communism = Where all factors of production (industry, business and agriculture) are owned by the state for the good of everyone.

8. Leadership Capitalist One leader, voted for by the people Works with Parliament to pass laws Could be from a variety of political parties Communist Ideally no need for a leader - Run by a committee – so no voting Oversees day to day business Only one political party

9. Factories Capitalist Owned by individuals or companies Develops/ mass produces Sells as much as possible for profit Communist No need for an owner – factory owned by the Government Only makes what is needed by the state Not for profit

10. Farmers Communist Farmers produce for the state All produce is taken and given out to the people – not for profit Machinery/ equipment is provided by the state Capitalist Farmers produce for own gain Sells food for as much as possible - for profit Personally buys equipment and tools to make work more efficient.

11. Capitalism Everyone must work for the state We should only make as many products as we need Fairness and equality for all! We will enforce strict censorship – no-one should criticise the state. egalitarianism People should be free to start their own businesses and make a profit We believe in people having freedom of speech on political matters. We should make as many products as we can and sell them for profits Freedom and opportunity for all! peace brought about by prosperity achieved through capitalism and democracy Communism

12. Cold War Begins Yalta Conference Distrust between US & USSR Difference in post-war world visions German Problem Berlin Airlift

13. World War Two Why did the relationship between the USSR and the USA change during the war?

14. What happened to ruin relations? In your groups you will have been given a source about an event. As a group you will need to use the source to work out the answers to the following: Fill in your table as you go. Make sure you learn the facts - You will need to be able to explain what happened to the rest of the class in 5 minutes time! 1.What happened? 2.How did this raise tensions between the USSR and the USA? 3.Who was at fault – the USA, the USSR or both?

15. Strange Bedfellows Wartime Allies but historical divisions. Capitalism versus Communism. Russia excluded from Versailles. American support for White Russians in Russian Civil War. Soviet Government not recognized by USA. Soviets proclaimed world revolution. Diplomatic relations established 1933 for economic reasons only.

16. Emergence of the Cold War ‘My enemies’ enemy is my friend’ but… Russia bore the brunt of the war effort; 20 million killed. 1700 towns, 31000 factories, 100,000 collective farms, 128 billion dollars of property destroyed. 1941 pleading for second front. Suspicious of Allied special pleading. Source of conflict. Not invited to Atlantic Conference. Tensions apparent.

17. Soviet Interests: Buffer Zone Soviets concerned about threats from Western Europe and Japan. USA and Britain not seriously interested. USSR wants protection from Western invasion. USSR wants to use defeated countries to rebuild its own. Wants to keep some conquered lands. Goals contrary to USA free trade ambitions.

18. The US perspective Thinking how postwar world will be shaped. Establish bases around the world during war. Allow them to protect military strength around the globe – bases not territory important Launching pads for potential attacks, preserve access to raw materials and deny them to rivals. An archipelago of bases from Manila to Casablanca. The US wants access to markets for trade as they fear a return of the Great Depression.

19. Cold War Origins: Post-War World Vision Soviet Goals With tens of millions killed in both world wars the Soviets main goal was… “NEVER AGAIN!” Soviets wanted buffer states of “friendly” governments to protect them from future invasion Exact revenge/reparations from Germany US Goals Rebuild Europe/Germany “Wilsonian” Peace Self-determination or free elections Decolonization Disarmament

20. Potential Threat Russia wrecked economically. Little evidence that they wanted to challenge USA. Concern amongst American thinkers of potential future threat Russia posed in the unstable postwar environment. Worried that America’s access to oil and raw materials could be cut off by nationalist and communist movements (supported by the USSR).

21. Mistrust and Misunderstanding Two industrial military powers determined to expand. USA determined to prevent any one country from dominating the Eurasian land mass. Explains USA opposition to USSR presence in Mediterranean, Middle East, Turkey, Iran, etc. Explains why USA became involved in Korea and Vietnam.

22. YALTA AND POTSDAM Wartime Conferences about postwar world. Potsdam more problematic than Yalta Conflicts over spheres of Influence; What to do with Germany Borders of Poland Governments of liberated countries America’s Trump card.

23. Cold War Origins: Yalta Conference (1945) Major Agreements at Yalta Free elections in Eastern Europe Poland becomes a nation again Agreed to create the UN Security Council FDR convinces Stalin to go to war with Japan 90 days after the war in Europe is over Mistake?

24. Potsdam Conference (1945) Treatment of Germany US = Rebuild USSR = Punish Nuremburg Trials High ranking Nazis are tried Partition of Germany France was given part of Germany as long as it came out of the Allies part Berlin is also split into sectors Germany gets split into two (West and East) Truman informs Stalin of the atomic bomb in an effort to intimidate him Cold War Origins: the German Problem

25. Verbal grenades: Personality conflicts Leadership speeches increase tensions. Stalin spoke of need to rebuild Soviet industry and military. Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech, March 1946. Truman: ‘Russians only understand one syllable words.’

28. Sources of Conflict Eastern and Central Europe. Partition of Germany. Russia refuses to go along with plans to rebuild Germany. Tensions surrounding Soviet troops remaining in Eastern Europe. The Atomic Question. ( Source of leverage)

29. Arms Race before the Arms Race Dropping Atom bombs demonstrated US power to Soviets. US built up Nuclear arsenal in anticipation of the Soviets being chief threat. Between mid 1947 and 1948, 40 nuclear bombs, dozens of bombers built.

30. II. Truman & Containment Britain’s weakened position Civil War in Greece The Truman doctrine Czechoslovakia turns communist Marshall Aid Stalin forms Cominform and Comecon First test of Containment would happen in Germany with Berlin Blockade. First example of Brinkmanship.

31. Stalin shows his hand Stalin aims to tighten his control on Eastern countries. Uses Cominform and Comecon. Cominform (Communist Information Bureau) 1947. coordinated governments in Eastern Europe. Ran meetings and gave out instructions to Communist governments as to what they must do. Comecon (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance) 1949. coordinated industries and trade of Eastern Europe. traded with each other and not the West. favoured Soviet-produced goods and guaranteed a cheap supply of raw materials for the USSR. Set up the bank for Socialist countries.

32. Reading The Unfinished Nation, Chapter 29 The Cold War, pp. 750-770