1. Frequency, Percentage, and Proportion

2. Statistical Symbols X or x = Individual Subject/value/score
N or n = Total number of subjects/values/scores

3. Frequency Distributions
an organization of raw data into tabular forms using categories/intervals and frequencies
frequency/frequency count
the # of times a specific value occurs in the data set
often represented by the symbol f
3 main types
categorical, ungrouped, & grouped

4. Frequency Distributions
Categorical
AKA Qualitative Frequency Distribution
represents data that can be placed in specific categories
Gender, Hair Color, Religious Affiliation
Ex: AB B A O

5. Frequency Distributions
Ex: Categorical Frequency Table
Category:
Blood Type
Frequency f A 5 B 8 O AB 4
Total 25

6. Frequency Distributions
Ungrouped
a simple listing of the data values w/ the f w/ which each value occurs.
Ex:
Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Defects 12 16 20 11 13 14 15 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25

7. Frequency Distributions
Ex: Ungrouped Frequency Table

8. Frequency Distributions
Often times, the researcher will also display the relative frequency and the corresponding percentages
relative frequency for any value (class)
obtained by dividing the f for that class by the total number of observations

9. Frequency Distributions
Ex: Ungrouped Frequency Table w/ Relative Frequency and Percentage

10. Frequency Distributions
Sometimes, the researcher will also display the cumulative frequencies and the cumulative relative frequencies
cumulative frequencies
for any specific value, the sum of the f for all values at or below the given value
cumulative relative frequencies
for any specific value, the sum of the relative frequencies for all values at or below the given value

11. Frequency Distributions
Ex: Ungrouped Frequency Table w/ Cumulative Frequency and Cumulative Relative Frequency

12. Frequency Distributions
Grouped
obtained by constructing intervals of the values for the data and then listing the corresponding f in each interval.
Ex:

13. Frequency Distributions
Ex: Ungrouped Frequency Table w/ Cumulative Frequency and Cumulative Relative Frequency