1. Globalisation & the Architect INTERNATIONAL UNION OF ARCHITECTS Kiev June 2008 Gaëtan Siew - UIA President

2. GlobalisationQuestions ? Globalisation – Architectural Services Key Issues An international policy A conspiracy A Strategy 1.Context – Global Trends 2.Education 3.Practice 4.International standards 5.The Future

3. Asymmetry1. Context Global Trends Globalisation – Architectural Services Emerging Economies 70% of world population of architects from developed countries Students architects from developing countries 70% of world market of architecture in the developing world Africa = 50 000 architects Europe = 500 000 architects BRICS EX-USSR – Transition countries Gulf oil rich countries Newly accessed EU countries Africa – Star countries like Angola, Equatorial Guinea Global Japanese real estate investments Intensive tourism development in Asia Context Kuala Lumpur

4. Technology Globalisation – Architectural Services Context 6,5 billions population 4,5 billions radios 3,5 billions tv 3,2 billions mobiles 1,5 billion computers 600 millions bloggers (MySpace, Facebook,etc) Electronic Change 1950s - Air travel 1960s – Communication systems telephone, fax, email, internet 1980s – Computer (r)evolution, mobile telephone 1990s – Digital camera Bilbao 1. Context Global Trends

5. Emerging Issues Globalisation – Architectural Services Context Sustainability Energy conservation Green technology Cultural Identity Accessibility Policies Public Health To protect well-being against dangerous materials/bacteria Public Safety To withstand natural forces such as fire, wind,earthquakes Public Welfare To contribute to functional and esthetic well-being 1. Context Global Trends

6. Political Framework - MRAs Globalisation – Architectural Services Context APEC: 14 countries EEC – 30 countries Schenghen – 24 countries mobility NAFTA – US, Canada, Mexico 1. Context Global Trends ANZCERTA ASEAN SAARC/SAFTA CIS EU GCC UMA UEMOA CEMAC COMESA SADC SACU NAFTA G3 MCCA CARICOM MERCOSUR EFTA MRAs bypass registration procedures MRAs – ACE: Mexico, Cuba, US AU-NZ : Singapore and US

7. Change in needs Globalisation – Architectural Services Education Imbalance: more students in developed countries – except China Training in one location – Practice in a different location 2. Education New role of the architect Corporate social responsibility Cities & poverty Presence at higher decision level Competition with engineers Real Estate positions Global marketplace Professional business management skills International business practice Sao Paulo New York

8. Globalisation – Architectural Services Education 2. Education Sustainability Energy conservation Green technology Cultural Identity Accessibility Change in curriculum contents Global Footprint

9. Harmonisation Globalisation – Architectural Services Education Minimum 5 years - Undergraduate Minimum 2 years – Practical Experience – HMO? Bologna Directive – 4 years 1999 UIA Accord 2002 UIA UNESCO Charter Schools outside these minima - problems 2. Education Schools Accreditation - Validation 1400 Schools/Universities worldwide International mobility International recognition of qualifications Anglo-Saxon model – Profession control system State controlled system 2002 -UIA-UNESCO Validation system

10. CPD Globalisation – Architectural Services Education 47 Countries – Existing systems 17 Countries – Mandatory EU – ACE : Towards mandatory system Mandatory annually to renew the practice license Contents New technologies Changing forms of practice Building Codes & Regulations Architects practising away from home UIA CPD International system 2. Education

11. Broadly Experienced International Architect Globalisation – Architectural Services Education Recognised qualification Professional license Professional international experience 7-10 years Clean Track record vis-à-vis ethics or legal issues 2. Education Competitive Edge Wider range of professional services Feasibility studies Post-occupancy evaluations Facilities management Specialist markets Airports, Hospitals, Museums, Hotel & Leisure facilities

12. Globalisation – Architectural Services Practice 3. Practice Global Trends Larger firms more than 100 employees Larger scope of services Market specialised niche Multidisciplinary – QS, Lawyers, Construction managers, Competition from other professions – Engineers, Project Managers Extent of Trade US 2007 international architectural fees = 2,8 billions € Exporters : US, EU, Australia, Japan and Canada Importers:Asia, Middle East, Ex-USSR Growth: Asia 6,1 %, Eastern EU 4,5%, Middle East and Africa 4,2% South America 3,9%, North America 2,7 %, Western EU 1,8% China, Gulf states and Brazil in Africa US, UK, AU in Asia EU in ex-USSR states

13. Globalisation – Architectural Services Practice 3. Practice New Delivery Systems Design and Build PPP, BOT Driving Forces Clients seeking internationally reputed or specialists architects Clients expanding their business abroad Free trade agreements Public agencies employing domestic architects for foreign projects International competitions Economy downturn at home Form of Foreign Practice Long term presence One time Joint Venture Commercial presence Buying a firm Outsourcing

14. Globalisation – Architectural Services Practice 3. Practice Offshoring - Outsourcing Recent and expanding development Shortage of architects at home Architects from 1st world sending work to a qualified source abroad Short circuits all legal barriers. Modes Mode 1: Cross-border supply Mode 2:Consumption abroad Mode 3:Commercial Presence Mode 4: Presence of Natural Persons

15. Globalisation – Architectural Services Practice 3. Practice Outsourced Locations Common language Professionally educated labour Established and stable base of the rule of law Outsourcing Benefits Work on tight time schedule due to different time zones Expanding commissions to find architects when not available at home Obtain foreign professional services without increasing firm size Lower costs basis than at home Establish business relationships with foreign architects educated abroad before they go home Establish and/or expand foreign basis for future international projects Marrakesh

16. Globalisation – Architectural Services Practice 3. Practice Outsourced Tasks Architectural working drawings Presentation models and renderings Outsourcing Countries Largely confined in Asia :India, Philippines, Thailand Also in Morocco, Tunisia and Mexico India has only 4% of its IT activities in Construction services Projected US firms outsourcing 2006: 8% 2009:20%

17. Globalisation – Architectural Services Practice 3. Practice Regulatory requirements Academic Recognised qualification (5 years) Professional Experience (2 years) Examination (some countries) Clean Track record ( Ethics and Legal) CPD (some countries) Financial, Immigration and Labour laws Business Visa Customs regulations (documents, materials, models) Establishing business presence Transfer of profits out of country Tax policies and regulations Chatting Hangzhou Chatting New York

18. Globalisation – Architectural Services Practice 3. Practice National Bodies Under pressure to revise their laws to recognise and accommodate the realities of the changing global practice EU –ACE is one example. Bottlenecks by National Bodies Resistance/Hesitancy to change Anglo-saxon and Napoleonic approaches in MRA negotiations Lack of understanding between Federal and state systems Prohibition to register to non-residents Slow implementation of national obligations of international agreements Need of international database for registration Need of international established order Napoli

19. Globalisation – Architectural Services UIA 4.UIA From National to Regional Organisations FPAA 1950:Federation of Pan-American Architects CAA 1965:Commonwealth Association of Architects ARCASIA 1969:Architects Regional Council of Asia AUA 1981: Africa Union of Architects ACE 1990:Architects Council of Europe One International Organisation - UIA 1948 – 125 Countries – 1 500 000 architects Architects – International Standards and Norms Architecture - International Policies World Representation and Recognition World Network World Database Fes

20. Our Assets 4. UIA Globalisation- Architectural Services 2005 91 5,402,339,000 6,453,639,850 83,71% 2002 76 4,764,672,000 6,097,066,860 78,38% +5,33% Organised Advocacy capacity Accreditation power – Validation – Training Geographical network Standards development Credibility and Reputation International Database of expertise Power of communication Global Assets

21. Vision & Mission Five Missions Principles Vision & Strategy Development To transform the present UIA into a unique world recognised body for the profession and for Architecture International Standards International Policies International Architectural Observatory Plan the future POLICIES To promote better recognition of Architecture and Architects To make our action more pertinent and coherent whilst recognising the great diversity of cultures, challenges and practices. Promote Architecture Promote Architects Reinforce our Network of Strategic Partnerships ADVOCACY To establish a solidarity and cooperation network among architects of the world. To speed up change to achieve targets set by UIA policies Education Professional Practice Knowledge Sharing International Cooperation CAPACITY BUILDING To strengthen and develop UIA. Reinforce the Organisation Sustainable Resources Reinforce our Network of Commercial Partnerships Manage all the partners’ agreements DEVELOPMENT To become a powerful communication network External Representation Engage UIA Membership Expand UIA Membership REPRESENTATION VISION Build a better Environment for Humanity Development

22. Globalisation – Architectural Services UIA 4.UIA Mobility - Harmonisation Develop equivalency Develop international standards Establish agreements Validate and Accredit Enable capacity building

23. Globalisation – Architectural Services UIA 4.UIA – Education International Standards 2002 UNESCO-UIA Charter for Education Curriculum definition UNESCO-UIA Validation of Schools/Universities Parnership with RIBA CPD – Continuing Professional Development Partnership with Spain International CPD platform Exchange programme International Exchange programme for students and young architects International Exchange programme for lecturers International Database World schools survey – Tsinghua University, Shanghai Curaçao

24. Practice Worldwide Statistics 03 Students number of students unknown (7): Belgium, Benin, Canada, Congo R.D., Spain, Italy, Mexico no schools of architecture (6): Andorra, Netherlands Antilles, Congo, Mauritius, Namibia, Trinidad & Tobago country/territoryarch.stud.ratio CNP.R. of China36.000410.00011,389 HNHonduras4501.3002,889 IRIran3.4008.0002,353 NGNigeria4.50010.0002,222 CZCzech Republic2.9215.0001,712 SDSudan8001.3001,625 KRSouth Korea10.14012.0001,183 CRCosta Rica2.0032.1451,071 ARArgentina42.00044.0001,048 INIndia30.00026,0000,867 DEGermany50.00041.7590,835 PTPortugal12.1139.3020,768 BDBangladesh1.1819000,762 FRFrance26.96419.0000,705 RORomania5.5003.8000,691 MYMalaysia3.1671.8980,599 SISlovenia1.2007000,583 CHSwitzerland5.3303.0000,563 SKSlovakia2.5001.4000,560 PLPoland13.5006.7700,501 UZUzbekistan1.0995500,500 AUAustralia11.6055.4860,473 MTMalta5152370,460 FIFinland3.5001.6000,457 RURussia11.8835.0000,421 SGSingapore1.4696170,420 country/territoryarch.stud.ratio PSPalestina1.0744500,419 ECEcuador13.4005.2500,392 USUnited States102.00036.3000,356 UKUnited Kingdom30.39910.0000,329 GRGreece15.7565.0000,317 LTLithuania2.7008380,310 HRCroatia3.0009200,307 BOBolivia5.2651.5000,285 NLNetherlands8.3502.2800,273 JPJapan307.55880.0000,260 EGEgypt19.9545.1230,257 HKHong Kong2.0405000,245 SESweden5.3761.3000,242 AMArmenia1.2002500,208 GEGeorgia2.5005000,200 ZASouth Africa4.2718000,187 TRTurkey29.6555.0000,169 MKFYR of Macedonia3.0005000,167 IEIreland2.5004000,160 EEEstonia7001050,150 ILIsrael7.0001.0000,143 CSSerbia & Montenegro8.0001.0000,125 BRBrazil80.0008.5000,106 NZNew Zealand1.6501750,106 HUHungary4.0003000,075 BYBelarusX1.400X 2005: 0.422 ‰ 2010: 0.402 ‰

25. Globalisation – Architectural Services UIA 4.UIA – Practice International Standards 1999 UIA International Accord on Practice 2006 WTO Geneva discussions on Domestic Regulations UIA – Only body according to Art VIII of GATS to establish international standards for architectural services Capacity Building Enabling transition countries to reach international standards International Database International Practice survey – COAC, Barcelona – 91 Countries Bucharest Tokyo

26. Practice Worldwide STATISTICS 02 Architects Num. arch. unspecified (2): Belarus, Mexico 2010: 0.480 ‰ 2002: 0.266 ‰ country/territoryinhab.arch.ratio JPJapan127,914,000307,5582.404 ITItaly57,253,000111,0631.940 MKFYR Macedonia2,076,0003,0001.445 GRGreece10,978,00015,7561.435 LULuxembourg437,0006001.373 MTMalta397,0005151.297 PTPortugal10,080,00012,1131.202 DKDenmark5,320,0006,0001.128 ISIceland279,0003141.125 BEBelgium10,359,00011,5001.110 ARArgentina39,311,00042,0001.068 ILIsrael6,685,0007,0001.047 ECEcuador13,379,00013,4001.002 ESSpain41,184,00040,7410.989 ADAndorra75,000690.920 NONorway4,469,0003,8000.850 LTLithuania3,401,0002,7000.794 COColombia42,105,00033,3000.791 CSSerbia &Mtgro10,513,0008,0000.761 CHSwitzerland7,157,0005,3300.745 HRCroatia4,405,0003,0000.681 FIFinland5,224,0003,5000.670 IEIreland4,040,0002,5000.619 SISlovenia1,979,0001,2000.606 DEGermany82,560,00050,0000.606 SESweden8,895,0005,3760.604 CLChile15,211,0009,0000.592 AUAustralia20,092,00011,6050.578 BOBolivia9,138,0005,2650.576 EEEstonia1,294,0007000.541 VEVenezuela24,170,00013,0000.538 country/territoryinhab.arch.ratio BGBulgaria7,949,0004,1780.526 NLNetherlands16,300,0008,3500.512 UKUnited Kingdom59,818,00030,3990.508 GEGeorgia5,026,0002,5000.497 LVLatvia2,421,0001,2000.496 SKSlovakia5,411,0002,5000.462 CRCosta Rica4,372,0002,0030.458 FRFrance60,525,00026,9640.446 BRBrazil182,798,00080,0000.438 NZNew Zealand3,932,0001,6500.420 HUHungary9,784,0004,0000.409 TRTurkey73,302,00029,6550.405 AMArmenia3,043,0001,2000.394 ATAustria8,080,0003,1040.384 PLPoland38,516,00013,5000.351 USUnited States300,038,000102,0000.340 SGSingapore4,372,0001,4690.336 CZCzech Republic10,216,0002,9210.286 HKHong Kong7,182,0002,0400.284 PSPalestine3,815,0001,0740.282 EGEgypt74,878,00019,9540.266 PRPuerto Rico3,915,0001,0270.262 RORomania22,228,0005,5000.247 CACanada31,972,0007,5000.235 PHPhillipines75,653,00016,0000.211 KRRep. of Korea48,182,00010,1400.210 MOMacao444,000710.160 MDMoldova4,295,0006700.156 TNTunisia9,459,0001,4000.148 UAUkraine49,568,0007,1000.143 country/territoryinhab.arch.ratio ANNeth. Antilles224,000300.134 MYMalaysia25,325,0003,1670.125 VNVietnam78,137,0008,5000.109 MUMauritius1,244,0001260.101 ZASouth Africa45,323,0004,2710.094 RURussia141,553,00011,8830.084 TTTrinidad & Tobago1,311,0001000.076 HNHonduras7,257,0004500.062 NANamibia2,032,0001040.051 MAMorocco29,878,0001,4500.049 IRIran70,675,0003,4000.048 UZUzbekistan26,868,0001,0990.041 NGNigeria130,236,0004,5000.035 IDIndonesia212,092,0006,0000.028 CNP.R. of China1,299,487,00036,0000.028 LKSri Lanka18,924,0004850.026 INIndia1,008,937,00025,0000.025 SDSudan35,040,0008000.023 CGCongo3,921,000700.018 KEKenia30,669,0005000.016 BJBenin7,103,0001070.015 MLMali13,829,0002000.014 CDD.R. of Congo56,079,0008000.014 ZWZimbabwe12,627,0001000.008 BDBangladesh152,593,0001,1810.008 TZTanzania35,119,0001710.005 SLSierra Leone5,340,000200.004 TDChad9,117,000200.002 BYBelarus9,809,000 X MXMexico106,385,000 X

27. Globalisation – Architectural Services UIA 4.UIA – Practice UIA Accord - International Guidelines Professionalism Standards Education Scope of Practice Practice in a host nation Intellectual Property – Copyright Role of Professional Bodies Practical Experience – Training – Internship CPD Demonstration of Professional Knowledge Ethics and Conduct Accreditation – Validation – Recognition Registration – Licensing – Certification Form of Practice Computer Practice Building Delivery Systems Codes and Standards Use with National Governments Mutual Recognition Agreements Abu Dhabi

28. Values- Social IssuesCollective global assets Globalisation – Architectural Services The Future Access to education Access to health Access to the city World collective heritage Environment Cultural Diversity International Standards Education Professional Practice Lisbon Sochi

29. Extreme Mobility of has removed all barriers of protection Globalisation = ContextConclusion Globalisation – Architectural Services The Future People Goods Ideas and Concepts When wealth and world assets are shared Forced or natural Depending on our desire of solidarity Changing Role of the Architect - Solidarity Globalisation/Crisis = Danger + Opportunity 危 机危 机 Wealth 2015

30. Merci Globalisation – Architectural Services Istanbul, 22 February 2008 Gaëtan Siew - UIA President