1. History of the cell
All living organisms are made up of cells.

2. Cells are:
The basic unit of structure and function of a living organism.
Organsims can be either:
unicellullar
multicellular

3. History of the cell. 1665 Anton van Leevwenhoek: .
constructed first simple microscope.
viewed pond water and saw tiny moving structures
called them “wee little beasties” or “animalcules .

4. 1670 Robert Hooke Inventor of first compound light microscope.
Viewed cork
Viewed tiny, hollow units and called them “cells”.

5. Approximately 200 years later…
1833 Robert Brown
First to see a nucleus within a cell.
They now knew that:
cells were not hollow like the cork.
that there were structures within the “cells”

6. 1835 Two German scientist, Theodor Schwann (Zoologist) and Matthias Schleiden (Botanist) collectively came to the conclusion that all plants and all animals are made up of cells.
1855 Rudolf Virchow recorded that “all cells come from other like and pre-existing cells.

7. 1869 Fredrick Miescher:
discovered DNA’s presence (not its structure)
did not know its importance until much later.
He called it nuclein.
1879 Walter Flemming: Identified chromosomes in the nucleus. Once again did not know the true importance of them.

8. The Cell Theory
1. Every living organism is made up of one or more cells.
2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of all living organisms.
3. All cells arise from like, pre-existing cells.

9. Two types of cells exist: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

10. Prokaryotic Cells Word means “before nucleus” Includes all bacteria
1.Believed to be the first cells on Earth in the primordial soup
2. Lack a nucleus and all membrane bound organelles.
3. Genetic material just floats around the center of the cell.

11. Eukaryotic Cells Word means “contains a true nucleus”
Includes all animals, plants, fungi, and protist.
Evolved from prokaryotic cells.
1. Theory is one prokaryotic cell engulfed another and now there was a cell within another cell.

12. 2. Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and membrane bound organelles.
3. Organelles are “tiny organs” within a cell, each having their own function.

13. Two types of eukaryotic cells:
Plant-like
Animal-like

14. Traits common to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
-Plasma / cell membranes
-Cytoplasm
-Cell wall
-Ribosomes
-Genetic material

15. Cell Membrane

16. Plasma or Cell Membrane: Function:
1. Outer boundary of the cell
-separates one cell from another

17. 2. Allows for interaction between like cells within
a tissue.

18. -regulates what is allowed to enter or leave the cell.
3. Acts as a “gatekeeper”
-regulates what is allowed to enter or leave the cell.
Aids in protection and support.
-keeps out bacteria
-provides some shape
Oxygen
Food Molecules
Water
Carbon dioxide
Cellular Waste
Excess water

19. Fluid Mosaic Model -model of the structure of a cell membrane
hyperlink
-model of the structure of a cell membrane
-discovered in 1972

20. The cell membrane:
-Composed of a phospholipid bilayer/double layer of phospholipids with proteins and some carbohydrates scattered throughout it.

21. Components of the Cell Membrane
Carbohydrate chains
Used for cell recognition
Phospholipid bilayer
Type of lipid
Contain pores/openings
Proteins:
- receptor proteins
- transporting proteins
- adhesion proteins

22. Phospholipid -type of lipid -most abundant component in the membrane
Hydrophilic Head
-water loving
-polar
Hydrophobic Tail
-water fearing
-nonpolar

23. Extracellular Fluid: Cells watery environment
Intracellular Fluid: Cells liquid center/cytoplasm

25. Several types of proteins embedded in the bilayer:
1. Receptor proteins: act as a docking area for items to attach to like hormones.

26. 2. Transporting proteins: Hyperlink
-transports items across the bilayer

27. 3. Adhesion Proteins:
-project outward from
bilayer and help cells
within a tissue to stick
together.

28. Cytoplasm: 1. -liquid part of the cell
2. -found in all areas between the
nucleus and the cell membrane
3.-made mostly of
water with salts, amino acids, nucleotides, etc… dissolved in it.
Function:
-to suspend and allow structures to move about.

29. Cell Wall: 1.-surrounds cell membrane -found in plants, fungi, some
bacteria and some protist.
2.-located outside the cell membrane
3.-provides shape and support

30. 4. -has openings so items can pass through.
5. -made up of cellulose and pectin in
plants and chitin in fungi.

31. Turgor Pressure: 1. -Pressure created by water -cell loses water
-turgor pressure decreases
-cell wall bows inward
-cell shrinks in size

32. 2. Cell takes in water
- turgor pressure increases
- cell wall bulges out
- cell swells

33. Complete part A and B of Cell Lab

34. Genetic Material: Prokaryotic Cells: -Have no nucleus
1.-made up of DNA
2.-has instructions for making all cellular proteins.
Prokaryotic Cells:
-Have no nucleus
-DNA is free floating
-DNA is in 1 circular
loop

35. Eukaryotic Cells:
-DNA contained in a nucleus
-many linear pieces of DNA known as
chromosomes.

36. Ribosomes: The cells “workbench”
Job: Makes proteins, in their linear form, by assembling amino acids in the correct order based on DNA’s code.

37. Ribosomes are made up of RNA and proteins.
Found attached to the endoplasmic reticulum or
Free floating in the cytoplasm

38. Structures of Eukaryotic Cells
-Nucleus and Nucleolus
-Mitochondria
-Chloroplast
-Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
-Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
-Golgi bodies
-Lysosomes
-Vacuoles
-Plastids
-Peroxisomes
-Cytoskeleton

39. Nucleus: 1.-Brain of cell 2.-Cells control center 3.-Contains DNA
4.-Made up of another lipid bilayer
5.-contains pores for items to move in and out.

40. Nuclear Envelope:
-outside of nucleus, studded with pores
Nucleolus:
-circular structure within nucleus
-makes ribosomes
Nucleoplasm:
-cytoplasm inside
the nucleus

41. Chromatin: 1.-loosely coiled DNA found within the nucleus
2.-can tightly coil into a bow tie shaped “chromosome”

42. Chromosomes are made up of genes.
-segments of DNA
which code for
specific proteins

43. Quicktime movie: 4 min

44. Mitochondria: 1. -cell’s powerhouse
2. -the place were the cell converts food into energy.
3. -found in all eukaryotic cells~plant-like and animal like.

45. 4. -site of cellular respiration
sugar + oxygen  ATP energy + carbon dioxide + water
Form of energy used by a cell to do “work”.
-12 to 1000 mitochondria per cell
-plant cells have less than animal cells.
Why?
-less active
-require less energy
-Which cells in our body would have the most
mitochondria?
-muscle cells ~ very active

46. Mitochondria are made up of 2 membranes:
-outer membrane
-inner membranes known as cristae.

47. Cristae increase the surface area so more energy can be produced without taking up too much room.
Analogy:
Population 5,000 in
1/4 square mile.
Population 5,000 in
10 square mile.
verses

48. Quicktime movie (6 min)

49. Chloroplast: -site of photosynthesis -Found only in plant-like cells
Sun + CO2 + H2OC6H12O6 + O2

50. CHLOROPLAST:
-Trap energy of the sun and convert it into sugars which can be stored by the plant or broken down in the mitochondria into ATP energy.
Plant store sugar in their fruits, stems, and roots.

51. Thylakoids: platelike structures which collect the sun’s energy.
Grana or Granum: Stacks of thylakoids (10 to 100/chloroplast)
Stroma: Liquid part of the chloroplast
Lumen: Inside thylakoids ~ contains chlorophyll

52. ROY G BIV Absorbs: -all spectrums of light but green is reflected.

53. Complete part C, D and E of Cell lab

54. Ribosomes Review: The cells “workbench”
Job: Makes proteins, in their linear form, by assembling amino acids in the correct order based on DNA’s code.

55. Ribosomes are made up of RNA and proteins.
Attached ribosomes:
-attached to the endoplasmic reticulum or
Free floating ribosomes:
- Floating around in the cytoplasm throughout the cell

56. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
-Known as the “cells subway system
-Transports proteins around the cell

57. The E.R is a made up of a series of interconnected, hollow channels.
Two types of E.R:
1. Smooth E.R.
-has no ribosomes
attached.
-responsible for making
phospholipids for new
membranes
2. Rough E.R.
-has ribosomes attached
-aids in protein synthesis

58. 1.Proteins, made by the ribosomes, travel through the hollow channels of the rough ER into the smooth ER.
2.The end of the smooth ER pinches off around the protein forming a “transporting vesicle”

59. 3. Transporting vesicle transports the newly formed protein to the golgi body.

60. Golgi Complex, Apparatus or Bodies
-a stack of flattened membranes clustered in one area.
Made up of a collection
of transporting vesicles.

61. Known as the Fed-Ex man
Job: Collects, stores, modifies
and packages materials
it receives from the
transporting vesicles/ER
and then deliver them to where
they need to go.
-Where a protein gets it 3D shape

62. Example: Insulin production in a pancreas cell

63. Lysosomes: Nickname: Clean Up Crew or Suicide Sack
Job: Organelles which contain digestive enzymes made by the ribosomes and processed in the golgi.
Three Jobs:
1. Fuse to an old or damaged cell organelle, injects its enzymes into it and digest the old organelle .

64. 2. Lysosomes fuse to food and digest the food for the cell.
Lysosomes in an older or damaged
Cell breaks open and releases enzymes into the
Cytoplasm ~ digesting the cell from the inside out.
Example: lifespan
RBC’s days
WBC’s days
Sperm days

65. Lysosomes are rarely found in plant cells.
-when plant cells die, parts of the cell remains.
Formation of a lysosome:
1. Ribosomes made dig. enzyme
2. Travel through ER
3. Smooth ER pinches off and dig. enzyme is contained in a transporting vesicle.
4. Transporting vesicle fuses with golgi
5. Golgi modifies enzyme giving it a 3D shape
6. Section of golgi moves away with enzyme inside it ~ now a lysosome.

66. Lysosomes

67. Vacuoles: Storage area for cell
Stores excess water, food or waste.

68. Plant-like cells have 1 or 2 large central vacuole which stores excess water or sugars
Animals-like cells have many small vacuoles which store excess water and waste.

69. Plastids: specialized vacuoles in plants
Chloroplast:
Stores chlorophyll
Leucoplast:
Stores starch
Chromoplast:
Stores color pigments

70. Cytoskeleton: cell’s framework
= cell = support
A woven web-like system embedded into a plant and animal cell’s cell membrane and cytoplasm, provides some support to the cell.

71. Different animal cells have specific shapes:

72. Cytoskeleton is made up of both:
1. Microfilaments:
-long, solid tubes of proteins
-allow for movement within cell tissue like muscles.
2. Microtubules:
-long, hollow tubes of protein

73. Flagella: Long whip like tail Cilia: short hairlike

74. Centrioles: used by animal cells for cell division

75. Villi: fingerlike projections or extensions of the cell membrane
Villi: fingerlike projections or extensions of the cell membrane. Increases the surface area of the cell’s membrane.

76. Plant and Animal Cell Comparison
Plant cells have: Animal cells have:
cell wall and membrane cell membrane
chloroplast no chloroplast
1 or 2 large vacuole many small vacuoles
No centrioles 1 pair of centrioles
Has plastids No plastids
Rectangular in shape Roundish in shape
Small # of mitochondria Large # of mitochondria

77. Quicktime movie (6 min)