1. 14 The Brain and Cranial Nerves C h a p t e r
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Jason LaPres
Lone Star College - North Harris
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

2. Cranial Nerves Figure 14–18 Origins of the Cranial Nerves.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

3. Cranial Nerves Olfactory Nerves (I) Primary function Origin Pathway
Special sensory (smell)
Origin
Receptors of olfactory epithelium
Pathway
Olfactory foramina in cribriform plate of ethmoid
Destination
Olfactory bulbs
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

4. Cranial Nerves Olfactory Nerve Structures Olfactory bulbs
Located on either side of crista galli
Olfactory tracts
Axons of postsynaptic neurons
Leading to cerebrum
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

5. Cranial Nerves Figure 14–19 The Olfactory Nerve.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

6. Cranial Nerves Optic Nerves (II) Primary function Origin Pathway
Special sensory (vision)
Origin
Retina of eye
Pathway
Optic canals of sphenoid
Destination
Diencephalon via optic chiasm
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

7. Cranial Nerves Optic Nerve Structures Optic chiasm Optic tracts
Where sensory fibers converge
And cross to opposite side of brain
Optic tracts
Reorganized axons
Leading to lateral geniculate nuclei
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

8. Cranial Nerves Figure 14–20 The Optic Nerve.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

9. Cranial Nerves Oculomotor Nerves (III) Primary function Origin Pathway
Motor (eye movements)
Origin
Mesencephalon
Pathway
Superior orbital fissures of sphenoid
Destination
Somatic motor:
superior, inferior, and medial rectus muscles
inferior oblique muscle
levator palpebrae superioris muscle
Visceral motor:
intrinsic eye muscles
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

10. Cranial Nerves Oculomotor Nerve Structures Oculomotor nerve
Controls four of six eye-movement muscles
Delivers autonomic fibers to ciliary ganglion:
ciliary ganglion: controls intrinsic muscles of iris and lens
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

11. Cranial Nerves The Trochlear Nerves (IV) Primary function Origin
Motor (eye movements)
Origin
Mesencephalon
Pathway
Superior orbital fissure of sphenoid
Destination
Superior oblique muscle
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

12. Cranial Nerves The Abducens Nerves (VI) Primary function Origin
Motor (eye movements)
Origin
Pons
Pathway
Superior orbital fissures of sphenoid
Destination
Lateral rectus muscle
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

13. Cranial Nerves
Figure 14–21 Cranial Nerves Controlling the Extra-Ocular Muscles.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

14. Cranial Nerves The Trigeminal Nerves (V) Primary function Origin
Mixed (sensory and motor) to face
Origin
Ophthalmic branch (sensory):
orbital structures
nasal cavity
skin of forehead, upper eyelid, and eyebrow
part of nose
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

15. Cranial Nerves The Trigeminal Nerves (V) Origin
Maxillary branch (sensory):
lower eyelid
upper lip, gums, and teeth
cheek and nose
palate and part of pharynx
Mandibular branch (sensory):
lower gums, teeth, and lips
palate and part of tongue
Mandibular branch (motor):
motor nuclei of pons
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

16. Cranial Nerves The Trigeminal Nerves (V) Pathway Ophthalmic branch:
superior orbital fissure
Maxillary branch:
foramen rotundum
Mandibular branch:
foramen ovale
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

17. Cranial Nerves The Trigeminal Nerves (V) Destination Sensory nerves:
sensory nuclei in pons
Motor nerves of mandibular branch:
muscles of mastication
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

18. Cranial Nerves Trigeminal Nerve Structures Trigeminal nerves
Largest cranial nerves
With three major branches
Semilunar ganglion
Contains cell bodies of sensory neurons
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

19. Cranial Nerves Figure 14–22 The Trigeminal Nerve.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

20. Cranial Nerves The Facial Nerves (VII) Primary function Origin Pathway
Mixed (sensory and motor) to face
Origin
Sensory:
taste receptors on anterior 2/3 of tongue
Motor:
motor nuclei of pons
Pathway
Internal acoustic meatus to facial canals (stylomastoid foramina)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

21. Cranial Nerves The Facial Nerves (VII) Destination Sensory:
sensory nuclei of pons
Somatic motor:
muscles of facial expression
Visceral motor:
tear and nasal mucous glands
submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

22. Cranial Nerves Facial Nerve Structures Facial nerve branches Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Mandibular
Cervical branches
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

23. Cranial Nerves Facial Nerve Structures Geniculate ganglia
Hold cell bodies of sensory neurons
Pterygopalatine ganglia
Postganglionic fibers innervate glands (lacrimal, nasal cavity, and pharynx)
Submandibular ganglia
Innervate salivary glands
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

24. Cranial Nerves Figure 14–23a The Facial Nerve.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

25. Cranial Nerves Figure 14–23b The Facial Nerve.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

26. Cranial Nerves The Vestibulocochlear Nerves (VIII)
Primary function: special sensory
Vestibular branch:
balance and equilibrium
Cochlear branch:
hearing
Origin
Receptors of inner ear
Pathway
Internal acoustic meatus of temporal bones
Destination
Vestibular and cochlear nuclei of pons and medulla oblongata
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

27. Cranial Nerves Vestibulocochlear Nerve Structures Vestibular branch
Originates at receptors of vestibule (balance)
Connects to vestibular nuclei of pons and medulla oblongata
Cochlear branch
Originates at sensors of cochlea (hearing)
Connects with cochlear nuclei of pons and medulla oblongata
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

28. Cranial Nerves Figure 14–24 The Vestibulocochlear Nerve.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

29. Cranial Nerves The Glossopharyngeal Nerves (IX) Primary function
Mixed (sensory and motor) to head and neck
Origins
Sensory:
posterior 1/3 of tongue
part of pharynx and palate
carotid arteries
Motor:
motor nuclei of medulla oblongata
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

30. Cranial Nerves The Glossopharyngeal Nerves (IX) Pathway Destination
Jugular foramina between occipital and temporal bones
Destination
Sensory:
sensory nuclei of medulla oblongata
Somatic motor:
nerves involved in swallowing
Visceral motor:
parotid salivary gland
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

31. Cranial Nerves Glossopharyngeal Nerve Structures
Superior and inferior ganglion
Sensory neurons of tongue and pharynx
Otic ganglion
Synapse visceral motor fibers
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

32. Cranial Nerves Figure 14–25 The Glossopharyngeal Nerve.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

33. Cranial Nerves The Vagus Nerves (X) Primary function Origins
Mixed (sensory and motor)
Widely distributed in thorax and abdomen
Origins
Sensory:
part of pharynx
auricle and external acoustic meatus
diaphragm
visceral organs of thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Motor:
motor nuclei in medulla oblongata
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

34. Cranial Nerves The Vagus Nerves (X) Pathway Destination
Jugular foramina
Between occipital and temporal bones
Destination
Sensory:
sensory nuclei and autonomic centers of medulla oblongata
Visceral motor:
muscles of the palate and pharynx
muscles of the digestive, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems in thoracic and abdominal cavities
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

35. Cranial Nerves Vagus Nerve Structures Vagus nerves
Branch and radiate extensively
Superior (jugular) ganglion and inferior (nodose) ganglion
Hold sensory neurons
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

36. Cranial Nerves Figure 14–26 The Vagus Nerve.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

37. Cranial Nerves Figure 14–26 The Vagus Nerve.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

38. Cranial Nerves The Accessory Nerves (XI) Primary function Origin
Motor to muscles of neck and upper back
Origin
Motor nuclei of spinal cord and medulla oblongata
Pathway
Jugular foramina between occipital and temporal bones
Destination
Internal branch:
voluntary muscles of palate, pharynx, and larynx
External branch:
sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

39. Cranial Nerves Accessory Nerve Structures Spinal root Cranial root
Motor fibers that originate in anterior gray horns of first five cervical segments of spinal cord
Cranial root
Motor fibers that originate in medulla oblongata
Internal branch
Joins the vagus nerve
External branch
Controls muscles of neck and back
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

40. Cranial Nerves The Hypoglossal Nerves (XII) Primary function Origin
Motor (tongue movements)
Origin
Motor nuclei of medulla oblongata
Pathway
Hypoglossal canals of occipital bone
Destination
Muscles of tongue
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

41. Cranial Nerves Figure 14–27 The Accessory and Hypoglossal Nerves.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

42. Cranial Nerves
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

43. Cranial Nerves
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings