1. 0 Arctic Navigation Grace Xingxin Gao Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics Stanford University

2. 1 A New Era for Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) – New Demand for Arctic Coverage Problem –GPS and its Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) not designed for the Arctic –No WAAS GEO coverage Increasing demand –Undiscovered oil reserves –Opening of sea lanes GPS orbits do not pass directly over the Arctic

3. 2 Maritime Navigation Integrity in the Arctic

4. 3 Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) WAAS: augmenting GPS by transmitting error correction messages Ensure integrity, i.e. confidence of accuracy

5. 4 Current Arctic Coverage WAAS/EGNOS Availability Coverage WAAS/EGNOS Reference Stations

6. 5 Future Arctic SBAS – International Collaboration Reference Stations Availability Coverage with User Connectivity

7. 6 Future Arctic Availability Both vertical and horizontal availability Horizontal availability only

8. 7 Iridium (950 km altitude vs 20,000 km)

9. 8 Vertical Dilution of Precision (VDOP) 31 GPS satellites 24 GPS + Iridium satellites 24 GPS satellites 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 31 GPS + Iridium satellites

10. Thank you!