1. Habitat Preference - Choosing a Place to Live MIGRATION

2. HABITAT PREFERENCES 1. DISPERSAL 2. MIGRATION 3. TERRITORY Dispersal Migration Territory

3. Passive dispersal

4. Dispersal Migration Territory Definition - generally one-way and permanent movement of animals from one place to another Natal Philopatry vs Natal Dispersal

5. Dispersal Migration Territory Natal Philopatry Costs - inbreeding depression - increased competition Benefits - inbreeding - local familiarity Natal Dispersal Costs - energy used in dispersal - increased predation Benefits - reduced inbreeding - avoid competition - lack of local familiarity

6. Dispersal Migration Territory Lions - sex dependent dispersal patterns Remain in pride Form new pride Transfer to another pride Nomads Left area Died Disappeared % of lions 0100 Females Males

7. Dispersal Migration Territory Inbreeding Depression - field mice Margulis & Altman. 1997. Anim. Beh.54: 397 % not breeding Days since mating Outbreeding mothers Inbreeding mothers

8. Dispersal Migration Territory Inbreeding Depression Seychelles warbler - Acrocephalus sechellensis Dispersal distance % related breeders in adjacent territories Closely related r >.35)Moderately related -.1 < r <.35).7.6.5.4.3.2.1 0.0 Eikenaar et al. 2008 J. Evol. Biol. 21: 1106

9. Dispersal Migration Territory Outbreeding Depression - song sparrow Searcy et al, 2002 Distance apart Discrimination Females Males * * * * * * * = signficantly different from random

10. Dispersal Migration Territory Searcy et al, 2002 * = signficantly different from random Schistocerca gregaria - migratory locust

11. Dispersal Migration Territory Searcy et al, 2002 * = signficantly different from random Schistocerca gregaria - migratory locust

12. Dispersal Migration Territory Solitary Dispersing

13. Migration Dispersal Migration Territory Recognized for long time

14. Migration Dispersal Migration Territory Functional Classification 1. Exploratory 2. Removal Dispersal 3. Return migration 4. One-way migration

15. Migration Dispersal Migration Territory 3. Return migration Long range

16. Migration Dispersal Migration Territory 3. Return migration Short range Three wattled bellbird Procnias tricarunculata

17. Migration Dispersal Migration Territory Components 1.Periodic timing -daily -tidal -lunar -annual - 1 - many years

18. Migration Dispersal Migration Territory Components 2. Track pattern LoopOne directionMultispecies

19. Migration Dispersal Migration Territory Components 3. Plane of movement 1. Horizontal 2. Vertical Plankton Elk

20. Migration Dispersal Migration Territory Components 4. Geographical direction -most are north - south Albatross - east -west

21. Migration Dispersal Migration Territory Components 5. Direction ratio Variation about mean direction

22. Migration Dispersal Migration Territory Processes governing migration W. Rowan (1925) Junco TreatmentResponse ControlNatural winter daylength No gonad growth No migration ExperimentalIncreased Photoperiod (simulate spring) Gonad growth Northward migration (even in winter)

23. Migration Dispersal Migration Territory Processes governing migration Change in photoperiod Increased hormone secretion Gonad maturationMigration Preparation Initiation

24. Migration Dispersal Migration Territory Preparation 1) Increase fat deposition -rapid eating -increase in stomach volume -increase in fat load 100 80 60 40 20 0 Fat load (% of lean body wt) Non-migrants Short distanceMid-distanceLong distance

25. Migration Dispersal Migration Territory Preparation 1) Increase fat deposition Level of reserve can affect direction e.g. red eyed vireo Fat birds Lean birds

26. Migration Dispersal Migration Territory Preparation 2) Zugenruhe - “migratory restlessness Before onset After onset

27. Migration Dispersal Migration Territory Initiation Must determine a direction 1) Piloting - recognition of familiar landmarks

28. Migration Dispersal Migration Territory Initiation Must determine a direction 2) Orienting - recognize and maintain compass direction

29. Migration Dispersal Migration Territory Initiation Must determine a direction 3) True Navigation - identification of “home” from any direction Need a) map sense - determine location relative to goal b) compass sense - maintain direction relative to position

30. Migration Dispersal Migration Territory Initiation How do you tell an orienting from a navigating animal?? displacement Orienting (or vector navigation) Navigating

31. Zonotrichia leucophrys Throup et al, 2007. PNAS 104: 18115 Breeding grounds Wintering grounds

32. Zonotrichia leucophrys Thorup et al, 2007. PNAS 104: 18115 Breeding grounds Wintering grounds

33. Boles & Lohmann, 2003. Nature 421: 60 True Navigation in Lobsters Pagurus

34. Migration Dispersal Migration Territory Initiation Without external cues Cataglyphis Food item Nest 591 m 140 m

35. Migratory Cues - Sun Compass Starling Mirror

36. Sun Compass Kramer Clear Skies Overcast

37. Is there an internal clock? Direction at 0900 under natural sky 45º Direction at 1500 under natural sky 45º Direction at 1500 under natural sky after biological clock is delayed by 6h 45º

38. Changing position of the sun in the sky - azimuth

39. Star Compass

40. Polarized light

42. Clear skyCloudy sky

43. Magnetic field

47. Migrating in groups Naïve birds singly Group experiment Experienced birds singly

48. Migrating in groups Energetic costs Pelicans GlidingAlone (50 m) Alone (1m) In formation Wingbeats /min 100 50 10 Heart beats /min Weimerskirch et al, 2001

49. Migrating in groups Energetic costs Pelicans GlidingAlone (50 m) Alone (1m) In formation Wingbeats /min 100 50 10 12345 6 1 2 3 45 6 Heart beats /min Weimerskirch et al, 2001

50. Evolution of Migration 1. Higher incidence in ephermeral or unstable habitats 2. Reproduction - allows exploitation of seasonally rich food supply 3. Predation and reproductive synchrony

51. Migration as a conditional strategy Turdus merula European blackbird

52. Migration as a conditional strategy Turdus merula Resident in preceding winterMigrant in preceding winter resident migrant resident migrant MaleFemaleMaleFemale