1. China & Japan

2. Background
China had been resisting outside influence from the West- didn’t want the negative influences of the worldly West…
Didn’t trade w/ the West b.c. China was self-sufficient
This made the West mad and WANT IN!!!
So, they needed to come up with something the Chinese would buy in mass supply!!....

3. (it’s a drug… aka addicting!)
OPIUM!!!!
(it’s a drug… aka addicting!)

4. External problems
1. British smuggled in Opium to the Chinese = Chinese became addicted = irritated Chinese gov’t = WAR!!

5. Opium War Who: British vs. Chinese
What: a war b/n British and Chinese about the British smuggling opium into China
Where: China
When: 1839
Why: China had outdated ships vs GB’s new updated steam ships = China loses & is humiliated = GB gets extraterritorial rights (HongKong)

6. While this was going on, China was experiencing a bunch in internal probs….

7. Internal Problems Hunger- population grew 30% but food didn’t
Ppl were poor & discouraged = more Opium drug addiction
Rebellion- Taiping Rebellion, Boxer Rebellion
Self- Strengthening movement- attempted reforms made ppl scared & unhappy
(will come later.. After the External probs.. They are happening simultaneously)

8. Taiping Rebellion Who: Hong Xiuquan
What: a rebellion against China’s gov’t where they wanted to create a “Kingdom of Heavenly Peace” where no one lived in poverty & everyone shared in China’s wealth
Where: China
When: 1850s-1864
Why: They won & took over China for awhile = they feuded among themselves for power = Qing + British + French kicked them out & the Qing retook power

9. After the Taiping & other rebellions, a lady came to power and ruled for the rest of China’s “Empire” or dynasty..

10. Empress Cixi Who: The Qing Dowager Empress, ruler of China
What: she ruled while baby Emperors were “on the throne”; was committed to tradition but supported some reforms (Self-Strengthening) but not a lot
Where: China
When:
Why: many rebellions agnst her
= she finally agreed to reform
gov’t = constitutional monarchy
= end to China’s Empire!!!

11. After the rebellions & during her rule, foreigners took advantage of this…

12. External Probs..
2. Foreign power took advantage of internal probs & rebellions = they attacked China & got : Sphere of Influence & Open Door policy

13. Sphere of Influence
Who: Europeans in China & Japanese What: a strong foothold in China where a foreign nation controlled trade & investments in a given area inside China (not China) Where: China When: Late 1800s Why: This gave increasing economic power to foreigners in China- NOT the Chinese; this worried Americans = Open Door policy

14. Open Door policy Who: Americans
What: a policy that “opened” the doors of China’s economy to merchants of all nations to keep the US safe from being shut out by other nations economically
Where: China
When: 1899
Why: protected US trading rights in China; protected China from being colonized; but China was now under foreign control economically

15. All of this increasing discontent… led to…

16. Internal Probs (cont’d)
5. Nationalism- Boxer Rebellion- against Empress Cixi & foreigners

17. Boxer Rebellion Who: Poor Chinese peasants & workers aka Boxers
What: they formed a “Society of Righteous & Harmonious Fists” agnst the Empress & Foreigners -> Rebelled
Where: China
When: 1900
Why: rebellion failed BUT Nationalism emerged, Chinese realized they must resist foreign intervention & they wanted the gov’t more responsive to their needs

18. Eventually, Empress Cixi “died”– some thought under mysterious circumstances…. (Hmm… wonder why?!)
= a boy Emperor came to power & was killed!!
= change in government which we will talk about later… (Next chapter)

19. Japan

20. Like China, Japan was also isolated from the West & didn’t want to trade w/ them…
BUT Just like China, the Westerners pushed their way in!!!
As a result,
Japan MODERNIZED…

21. Causes of Modernization
Westerners forced their way into Japan to trade with them
- Treaty of Kanagawa
Shogun stepped down, Emperor took control = Meiji Era
Emperor realized he had to modernize to counter the West- Adapted to Western ways

22. Treaty of Kanagawa Who: Matthew Perry (USA) vs. Japanese
What: a treaty between the US & Japan that opened 2 ports in Japan where US could take supplies
Where: Japan
When: 1854
Why: The US had pushed open the door in Japan = other European powers followed = foreigners were now allowed in Japan

23. Meiji Era Who: Emperor Mutsuhito
What: the time period of Mutsuhito’s reign that meant “enlightened rule” where he kicked out the military dictator & ruled himself
Where: Japan
When:
Why: during this time, Japan modernized and became a world power that was the #1 strength in Asia

24. Effects of Modernization
Changed gov’t
- Made a Constitution & legal codes similar to Europe’s- no longer military dictatorship
Improved education
- Adopted American universal public education- made all students go to school
Industrialized
- Railroads, factories, shipbuilding, coal production

25. 4. Improved military - warships & well trained soldiers - strongest military in Asia! 5. Gained strength & power - economic, military, & political strength - became imperialistic – starts taking over - could compete with the West

26. Examples of their new imperialism- they start taking over other Asian countries….
They do this through wars…
Such as:

27. Russo- Japanese War Who: Russians vs. Japanese
What: a war between the top 2 pwrs in Asia over who should control Manchuria (the area in b/n them)
Where: Yellow Sea, coast of Machuria
When: 1904
Why: Japan destroyed Russia’s fleet & won = Japan won Machuria & the #1 power in Asia

28. Now Japan is built up enough that they are ready for World War!!

29. China vs. Japan in this time
Both
Japan
Remains committed to tradition
Have well-established traditional values
Considers modernization to be necessary
Loses numerous territorial conflicts
Wins numerous territorial conflicts = becomes an Empire builder
Finally accepts need for reform
Initially resists change
Borrows & adapts Western ways to Modernize
Grants other nations spheres of influence within China
Oppose Western Imperialism
Strengthens its economic & military power