1. Patterns of Natural Selection Sec 17-2

2. Natural Selection and Genetics Natural selection never acts on a gene –It acts on the organism as a whole (the entire collection of genes) –It can only affect which individuals survive and reproduce and which do not

3. Natural Selection on Single Gene Traits Natural selection on single gene traits can lead to changes in allele frequencies and thus to evolution –Peppered moths during industrial revolution

4. Natural Selection on Polygenic Traits Natural selection can affect the distributions of phenotypes in any of three ways: –Directional selection –Stabilizing selection –Disruptive selection

5. Directional Selection  When individuals are at one end of the curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end Low mortality, high fitness High mortality, low fitness

6. Stabilizing Selection  When individuals near the center of the curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end of the curve Low mortality, high fitness High mortality, low fitness

7. Disruptive Selection  When individuals at the upper and lower ends of the curve have higher fitness than individuals near the center  Disruptive selection differs from directional selection in that sudden changes in the environment creates sudden forces favoring that extreme Disruptive Selection Largest and smallest seeds become more common. Population splits into two subgroups specializing in different seeds. Low mortality, high fitness High mortality, low fitness Beak Size Number of Birds in Population

8. Determine the Pattern of Natural Selection For the following scenarios, determine the type of pattern of natural selection: –Directional selection –Stabilizing selection –Disruptive selection

9. Scenario 1 Breeding of the greyhound dog. -Early breeders were interested in dog with the greatest speed. They carefully selected from a group of hounds those who ran the fastest. From their offspring, the greyhound breeders again selected those dogs who ran the fastest. By continuing this selection for those dogs who ran faster than most of the hound dog population, they gradually produced a dog who could run up to 64km/h (40mph).

10. Scenario 2 Look at the Siberian Husky, a dog bred for working in the snow. The Siberian Husky is a medium dog, males weighing 16-27kg (35-60lbs). These dogs have strong pectoral and leg muscles, allowing it to move through dense snow. The Siberian Husky is well designed for working in the snow. If the Siberian Husky had heavier muscles, it would sink deeper into the snow, so they would move slower or would sink and get stuck in the snow. Yet if the Siberian Husky had lighter muscles, it would not be strong enough to pull sleds and equipment, so the dog would have little value as a working dog.

11. Scenario 3 Think about the changes in the environment when that meteor crashed into Earth 65mya. A sudden decrease in light levels as the dust rose over large portions of the Earth. Extremely large tidal waves washing miles over the land. Increased seismic activity. The sudden lost of food along the coast, possible plague due to the high initial death rate, dust filling the lungs of animals would have been the most stressful on larger animals. Large animals need a large oxygen supply to supply energy to their muscles. They also need a large, constant supply of food. The the sudden drop of oxygen due the the dust, and the drop in fresh food, large animals would be stressed. If a plague started by the high death rate also hit these stressed animals, they would have been sorely pushed to survive. Evidence shows that they did not.