1. A. The Fossil Record

15. The Law of Succession pygmy armadillo fossil glyptodontfossil Diprotodon wombat

16. The Fact of Extinction

18. Fig. 22-3 Campbell and Reece Younger stratum with more recent fossils Layers of deposited sediment Older stratum with older fossils Rivers carry sediment into seas and swamps

19. Fig. 22-15 Bristolia insolens Bristolia bristolensis Bristolia harringtoni Bristolia mohavensis Latham Shale dig site, San Bernardino County, California Depth (meters) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 1 2 3 3 3 1 2 4 4

20. Fig. 25-4 Present Dimetrodon Coccosteus cuspidatus Fossilized stromatolite Stromatolites Tappania, a unicellular eukaryote Dickinsonia costata Hallucigenia Casts of ammonites Rhomaleosaurus victor, a plesiosaur 100 million years ago 200 175 300 270 400 375 500 525 565 600 3,500 1,500 2.5 cm 4.5 cm 1 cm

22. Fig. 25-5 Campbell and Reece Time (half-lives) Accumulating “daughter” isotope Remaining “parent” isotope Fraction of parent isotope remaining 1 2 3 4 1/21/2 1/41/4 1/81/8 1 / 16

24. Bias in the fossil record: Preservation bias Temporal bias

26. Trends in Evolution

27. Cope's rule: evolution tends to increase body size over geological time in a lineage of populations. Figure: over the last sixty million years, the average weight of horses has increased ten fold.

34. Understanding the type of trend (passive or driven) is important Don’t over-interpret too much about mechanisms Selection can be going on in a passive system or in a driven one…