2.  The Basis of metabolism The Basis of metabolism  Forms of Energy Forms of Energy  Laws of Energy Transformation Laws of Energy Transformation  Structure, Function, and Hydrolysis of ATP Structure, Function, and Hydrolysis of ATP  Enzymatic Effects on Reactions Enzymatic Effects on Reactions

3.  Metabolism Metabolism  Metabolic pathway Metabolic pathway  Anabolic pathway (biosynthetic pathways) Anabolic pathway (biosynthetic pathways)  Catabolic pathways (breakdown pathways) Catabolic pathways (breakdown pathways)  Bioenergetics Bioenergetics  Energy Energy  Kinetic Energy Kinetic Energy  Heat Energy Heat Energy  Potential Energy Potential Energy  Chemical Energy Chemical Energy

4.  Energy Energy  Kinetic energy Kinetic energy  Heat, or thermal, energy Heat, or thermal, energy  Potential energy Potential energy  Chemical energy Chemical energy  Energy Energy  Kinetic energy Kinetic energy  Heat, or thermal, energy Heat, or thermal, energy  Potential energy Potential energy  Chemical energy Chemical energy

5.  Thermodynamics Thermodynamics  First law of thermodynamics First law of thermodynamics  Entropy- a measure of disorder, or randomness  Second law of thermodynamics Second law of thermodynamics  Spontaneous Spontaneous

6.  Free energy Free energy  Equilibrium-  Exergonic reaction Exergonic reaction  Endergonic reaction Endergonic reaction

7.  Chemical work- Chemical work-  Transport work- Transport work-  Mechanical work Mechanical work  Energy coupling- Energy coupling-  ATP ATP  ATP Cycle ATP Cycle  Phosphorylated Phosphorylated

8.  Enzyme Enzyme  Catalyst Catalyst  Activation energy Activation energy  Transition state Transition state  Substrate Substrate  Enzyme- substrate complex Enzyme- substrate complex  Active site Active site  Induced fit Induced fit  Cofactors Cofactors  Coenzyme Coenzyme  Competitive inhibitors Competitive inhibitors  Noncompetit ive inhibitors Noncompetit ive inhibitors  Allosteric regulation Allosteric regulation  Cooperativit y Cooperativit y  Feedback inhibition Feedback inhibition

9.  the totality of an organism’s chemical reactions  We want increase our metabolism to lose more weight

10. a series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule (anabolic pathway) or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds (catabolic pathway)

11. (biosynthetic pathways) - metabolic pathway that consumes energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones

12. the study of how energy flows through living organisms

13. (breakdown pathways)- metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds.

14. the capacity to cause change

15.  energy that can be associated with the relative motion of objects  Diver gains kinetic energy when he gains velocity

16.  kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules

17.  energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure  As height increases, potential energy increases.  When diving off a diving board, all of the initial energy is potential.

18.  potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction.

19.  the study of the energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter

20.  (principle of conservation of energy)- energy is transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.

21.  every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe

22.  a process that can occur without an input of energy

23.  the portion of a system’s energy than can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system, as in a living cell  ∆G=∆H-T∆S  ∆G=G final state- G initial state

24.  a state of maximum stability

25. EXERGONICENDERGONIC  a spontaneous chemical reaction, in which there is a net release of free energy  a non-spontaneous chemical reaction, in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings

26.  the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one

27. CHEMICALTRANSPORT  pushing of endergonic reactions which would not occur spontaneously  pumping of substances across membranes against the direction of spontaneous movement Mechanical beating of cilia, contraction of muscle cells, movement of chromosomes during cellular respiration

28.  (adenosine triphosphate)- an adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed; used to drive endergonic reactions in cells

30.  referring to a molecule that is covalently bound to a phosphate group

31.  a macromolecule that acts as a catalyst  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/com mons/a/ae/GLO1_Homo_sapiens_small_fast. gif http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/com mons/a/ae/GLO1_Homo_sapiens_small_fast. gif

32.  a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

33. Activation Energy (free energy of activation)- the energy required to contort the reactant molecules so the bonds can break

34.  when the reactants are in an unstable condition

35.  the reactant an enzyme acts on

36.  – a temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule (s).

37.  a restricted region of the enzyme molecule that binds to the substrate; I’m the hugger (active site) and you’re being hugged (substrate)

38.  induced by entry of the substrate, the change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate

39.  any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. Can be permanently bound to the active site or may bind loosely with the substrate during catalysis.

40.  an organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as coenzymes in metabolic reactions.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AYgdGq k8buQ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AYgdGq k8buQ

41.  a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics.

42.  a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing the enzyme’s shape so that the active site no longer functions effectively.

43.  the binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site.

44.  a kind of allosteric regulation whereby a shape change in one subunit of a protein caused by substrate binding is transmitted to all the others, facilitating binding of subsequent substrate molecules.

45.  a method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway.