1. The South and West Transformed The New South

2. New Industries in the South  The South had shipped raw materials to the North for processing.  In the 1880s, textile factories in the South had a backing from Northern money.  Investments in coal, iron, and steel processing created urban centers in Nashville and Birmingham.  Farming became more diversified with more grain, tobacco, and fruit crops.

3. Railroads Link Cities and Towns Railroads became an important part of industrialization in the south.  Railroads linked rural centers to urban hubs or larger cities.  Prison labor was used to help build tracks and keep the cost of construction down.

4. Limits on Southern Economic Recovery  South had to first rebuild after the Civil War whereas the North could keep building on its strong industrial base.  The people who lived in the South had less of an education than the North, so it made finding and maintaining jobs difficult.  Low wages discouraged skilled workers from coming to the South.  Southern banks were also dependent on Northern banks because people in the South did not have enough to deposit.

5. Cotton Dominates Agriculture  Cash crop = crops that are grown for money and not personal use.  Cotton production had rebounded in the 1880s and remained the number one cash crop.  Many European textile factories had found suppliers outside of the South during the Civil War, causing the price of cotton to drop.  It is very risky to depend on one crop for your economy.  EX: 1890s boll weevil destroyed crops in Texas, causing destruction to the crops and farmers.

7. Farmers Band Together  1870s Texas farmers began to band together to fight for lower prices for supplies.  Farmer’s Alliance = Organizations of farmers who connected to try to fight for lower railroad freight prices, lower interest rates on bank loans, and lower prices for supplies.

9. Political and Economic Gains for Black Southerners  Citizenship allowed many different opportunities for black Southerners.  Serve in the Government or military  Open business or buy farmland  Join Farmer’s Alliances in some places along with other organizations.  Access to education

10. Backlash Against Black Southerners  Some white southerners focused on trying to take away gains of black southerners.  Groups like the KKK used terror and violence to intimidate A. Americans.  Some churches were segregated and new laws supported the elimination of black officials.  Civil Rights Act of 1875 = Guaranteed black citizens the right to ride trains and use public facilities like hotels.  1883 decision by Supreme Court ruled the decision on who could use public facilities was a local issue to be solved by the local or state governments. Many took advantage and limited African American rights.

12. Transforming The West

13. Mining Towns  Sprang up because of the discovery of gold and silver.  Thousands of people came to the areas to try to strike it rich but the land was not prepared for them.  Mining towns = places for miners to stay.  Those who weren’t looking for gold or silver went to mining towns to supply the needs for the miners. (Food, Clothing, Supplies)

14. Mining Towns  Order depended on rules of conduct and procedures because there were no judges or jails.  Vigilantes = Self appointed law enforcers.  Sheriffs and marshals appeared as towns began to develop. (Wyatt Earp)  Churches were also established to address social issues.  Boomtowns = towns that only hold out for as long as the gold or silver.  Denver, Colorado; Boise, Idaho; and Helena, Montana diversified and grew.

15. Mining Centers Virginia City Comstock Lode

19. ProspectingProspecting

20. Large Companies and Mining  First mining was by individuals who extracted minerals from the surface.  By 1870s, big companies who could afford mining equipment took over the industry because the remaining minerals were deep in the ground.  Miles of underground tracks and crews were recruited from Mexico and China.  Water was a major concern. Mining required lots of water and in turn the silt that was washed downstream, it contaminated water farmers used for their livestock.  Federal government continued to support mining companies by providing land and approving patents for new inventions.

21. May 10, 1869 at Promontory, Utah “The Wedding of the Rails” Central Pacific and Union Pacific May 10, 1869 at Promontory, Utah “The Wedding of the Rails” Central Pacific and Union Pacific

22. Promontory, Utah

23. “The Big Four” Railroad Magnates Charles Crocker Mark Hopkins Leland Stanford Collis Huntington Financed the Central Pacific Hired Chinese men to do the labor They had to cut through the Sierra Nevada mountain range. Financed the Central Pacific Hired Chinese men to do the labor They had to cut through the Sierra Nevada mountain range.

24. Transcontinental Railroad  Land Grant = Giving a company or individual land to use for a certain use.  Workers had very harsh contracts.  Two tracks Union Pacific and Central Pacific met in 1869 at Promontory Utah.

25. Railroads Intensify Settlement  Effects of Railroads:  Tied nation together.  Moved products and people.  Stimulated the growth of towns.  Intensified the demand for Indian’s land.  Between 1864 – 1896 ten territories became states.

26. Vaqueros and Texas Longhorns  Open Range System = branding cattle so they could be identified and allowing them to roam freely.  When spring came ranchers would hire cowboys to round up the cattle.  Mexican Vaqueros = trained horses to work with cattle and developed the roping skills, saddle, and chaps needed to do the job.

31. Long Drives Railheads Long Drives to Railheads Cattle shipped to slaughter houses. Rise of the beef and meatpacking industry. “Cowboy Culture”Development of the “Cowboy Culture” Cowboys and Cattle Drives

33. Cow Towns  Cow Town = Places where cattle were sold and the cowboys were paid.  Cow towns gave birth to the stories of Wild Bill Hickok, Doc Holliday, Wyatt Earp, and Jesse James.  Site of rodeos: riding, roping and wrestling cattle.  Bulldogging was invented in cow towns. (Cowboy jumps from horse onto a steer’s horns and wrestles it to the ground)

34. End of Open Range Ranching  Factors that led to the end:  Invention of barbed wire.  Supply of beef exceeded the demand.  Price of beef dropped.  Extreme weather in 1880s. (freezing winters and summer droughts)  Farmers and sheepherders settled on what had been open range.

35. Farmers Move to the Plains  Homestead Act  “Exodusters” moved from South to the West  Mostly men were farmers and miners  Women came West to tend to family or farm, work running a boardinghouse, laundry, or bakery.

36.  Homestead Act was a law developed in 1862 by Congress to promote settlement of the Great Plains.  Age 21 and the head of the family could have 160 acres of land if they improved it in five years  Could buy it for a small amount of $$$  The US Government encouraged westward expansion and the Homestead Act allowed thousands of settlers to move west and start new lives.

37. Black Cowboys “ Exodusters” 100,000 Exodusters leave the South and get involved with the ranching industry in Texas and Oklahoma.

38. Challenges and Solutions  Lumber was expensive so sod homes were built.  Windmill, steel plow, barbed wire, and dry farming were new inventions.  Extreme weather such as blizzards and droughts sent many back East.

39. Allowed farmers to cut through dense, root-choked sod. Steel Plow

41. Reduced labor force needed for harvest. Allows farmers to maintain larger farms. Mechanized Reaper

42. Powers irrigation systems and pumps up ground water. Steel Windmill

43. Dry farmingDry farming Allows cultivation of arid (dry) land by using drought-resistant crops and various techniques to minimize evaporation. dry farmingJohn Griffin, a three-year homesteader says, "Yalls idea of dry farming has led me and me family through these three years that we been homesteading."

44. Barbed Wire Joseph Glidden

45. Barbed wire fenceBarbed wire fence was a lifesaver because of the lack of wood in the dry plains of America. Barbed wireBarbed wire also solved the problems between farmers and ranchers.

46. Economic Rivalries  Conflicts between miners, ranchers, sheepherders, and farmers led to violence and sabotage.  Grazing cattle ruined farmers’ crops, sheep gnawed grass so low to land that cattle could not eat, mining runoff polluted land and water.  Native Americans were slowly being pushed off their land and being forced to assimilate.

47. Prejudices and Discrimination  1850s onward, the West had the most diverse population in the country.  Had 80% of the nation’s Asian, Mexican, Mexican American, and Native American residents.  Multiple languages, food, and cultures did not mix.  Strong fear and distrust of other cultures.  Many territory issues as well. Who owned different parts of the land? Mexicans, Native Americans or the whites?

48. Closing of the Frontier  Last land rush was the 1889 opening of the Oklahoma territory. “Sooners”  After the closing of the frontier, many issues still remained.  Battles over water and land.  Treatment of minority citizens. (Mexican, Indian, African American, Asian)  Indian’s land rights