1. Ranching and Farming

2. The Spanish Introduce Cattle ► The cattle first brought to America arrived on the ships of Spanish explorers in the 1500s. ► Raising cattle began on the open range, public land that could be used by anyone. ► Vaqueros, or cowhands, herded and drove cattle into pens they called corrales. ► Cattle were branded with hot iron to show ownership. ► Anglo American brands were often were developed from the initials of the rancher or the name of the ranch.

4. Early Ranchers Use the Open Range ► Ranchers who moved into Texas before the Civil War already were accustomed to many practices of the open range. ► However, they had not relied on horses, developed roping skills, worn chaps, or used saddles equipped with horns. ► They quickly adopted these ways and often used Spanish terms for equipment and practices. (Lasso, vaquero)

5. Trail Driving Opens the Cattle Market ► The expansion of the railroads after the Civil War played a major role in Texas’s cattle industry. ► Texas ranchers needed to get their cattle to Chicago and St. Louis stockyards. ► When the railroads expanded westward, ranchers saw their opportunity to drive the cattle in large herds to the railroad towns, which connected to the stockyards by rail. ► Trail driving was very economical. Trail driving Trail driving ► The longhorns were driven north in the spring, when grass was plentiful, so the animals could feed off the natural vegetation.

6. Drovers Follow Major Cattle Trails ► In 1866, about 260,000 head of cattle were rounded up in Texas and driven north, many to Sedalia, Missouri, where the railroad ended. (Sedalia/Shawnee Trail) ► Missouri farmers complained herds destroyed their crops. ► Farmers were afraid Texas cattle had a disease known as Texas Fever carried by ticks.

7. Drovers Follow Major Cattle Trails ► Joseph McCoy persuaded the railroads moving westward to build towns with everything necessary to house drovers and their cattle. ► He then persuaded Texas drovers to turn their cattle drives farther west to avoid Missouri. (Chisholm Trail)

8. Life Along the Trail Drives ► Cattle drives began at sunup. ► Two cowhands rode in front of the herd to lead the cattle, while two or three had the dusty drag position behind the herd. ► The distance traveled each day was about 12 miles. ► Sizes of herds varied; they ranged from a few hundred to 3,000. ► Larger herds had 8-12 cowhands, a trail boss, a cook and a wrangler.

9. Life Along the Trail Drives ► Trail driving ended shortly after 1885 when the supply of cattle became greater than the demand for them. ► By the late 1800s, railroads were built in Texas, eliminating the need for long cattle drives.

10. The Sheep Industry Booms ► After the Civil War, a growing demand for wool brought even more sheep ranchers to Texas. ► Ranchers who raised sheep faced the hostility of cattle ranchers and farmers. ► Cattle ranchers complained that sheep cropped the grass too short, ruining the range. ► Farmers claimed their crops were trampled ► Ranchers and farmers began to fence in their lands to protect them.

11. Barbed Wire Ends the Open Range ► By 1873 several inventors had perfected different kinds of barbed wire fence - small barbs that were twisted on the wire fencing pricked but did not harm the animals who came into contact with it. ► Barbed wire was a threat to law and order for a time because cattle and sheep raisers began fencing their land, sometimes enclosing the land of others. ► Some ranchers cut off the water supply to other ranchers’ herds. ► Fence cutting wars between farmers and ranchers soon followed.

12. The Ranching Industry Declines ► The ranching industry declined rapidly in the late 1880s. ► Too large profits earned for several years had led ranchers to expand and produce too many cattle. ► Too many cattle meant that rangelands were ruined due to overgrazing and also caused prices to fall. ► A number of severe blizzards and long droughts caused many ranchers to sell their herds.

13. Farming on the Rise ► Farmers who moved to the dryer parts of West Texas discovered that with the use of new techniques, they could produce profitable crops. ► Windmills pumped water from underground sources up to the surface for livestock and household use. ► Dry farming used a manner of plowing that left loose soil on top of the ground. The layers of loose soil kept water in the ground by slowing down the rate of evaporation. ► The most important crop grown in Texas was cotton.